How to format your references using the Neural Processing Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Neural Processing Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Mellars P (2011) Palaeoanthropology: the earliest modern humans in Europe. Nature 479:483–485

A journal article with 2 authors

Cowen LE, Lindquist S (2005) Hsp90 potentiates the rapid evolution of new traits: drug resistance in diverse fungi. Science 309:2185–2189

A journal article with 3 authors

Li WKW, Harrison WG, Head EJH (2006) Coherent sign switching in multiyear trends of microbial plankton. Science 311:1157–1160

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Hirano Y, Hendil KB, Yashiroda H, et al (2005) A heterodimeric complex that promotes the assembly of mammalian 20S proteasomes. Nature 437:1381–1385

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mather PM, Koch M (2011) Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Kronland-Martinet R, Ystad S, Jensen K (2008) Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval. Sense of Sounds: 4th International Symposium, CMMR 2007, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 27-31, 2007. Revised Papers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Arroyo F, Castellanos J, Mitrana V (2012) Uniform Distributed Pushdown Automata Systems. In: Kutrib M, Moreira N, Reis R (eds) Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems: 14th International Workshop, DCFS 2012, Braga, Portugal, July 23-25, 2012. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 64–75

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Neural Processing Letters.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J (2017) Octopuses Are Even More Amazing Than We Thought. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2009) Missouri River Navigation: Data on Commodity Shipments for Four States Served by the Missouri River and Two States Served by Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gornto JS (2009) The impact of student leadership in classroom management on student achievement. Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M (2013) The Wildness of Clothes, but Not for Fashion. New York Times E6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Neural Processing Letters
Abbreviation	Neural Process. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1370-4621
ISSN (online)	1573-773X
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Networks and Communications Software General Neuroscience