How to format your references using the Neural Processing Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Neural Processing Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Boden M (2007) Obituary: Donald Michie (1923-2007). Nature 448:765

A journal article with 2 authors

Ghalambor CK, Martin TE (2001) Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds. Science 292:494–497

A journal article with 3 authors

Dillon ME, Wang G, Huey RB (2010) Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467:704–706

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Dial OE, Ashoori RC, Pfeiffer LN, West KW (2007) High-resolution spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems. Nature 448:176–179

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Focardi SM, Fabozzi FJ, Bali TG (2013) Mathematical Methods for Finance. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Bilimoria KY, Minami CA, Mahvi DM (2015) Comparative Effectiveness in Surgical Oncology: Key Questions and How to Answer Them. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Schmid A-F (2012) Couturat’s Reception of Leibniz. In: Krömer R, Chin-Drian Y (eds) New Essays on Leibniz Reception: In Science and Philosophy of Science 1800-2000. Springer, Basel, pp 65–83

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Neural Processing Letters.

Blog post

Andrew E (2013) Mission to Mars: MAVEN to Explore the Red Planet’s Atmosphere. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/mission-mars-maven-explore-red-planet’s-atmosphere/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2016) Space Acquisitions: Challenges Facing DOD as it Changes Approaches to Space Acquisitions. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tan-atichat TP (2008) Behavior of VNC in high-latency environments and techniques for improvement. Doctoral dissertation, University of California San Diego

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S (2006) Hermitage Is Reeling From Loss Of Artworks. New York Times E1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Neural Processing Letters
Abbreviation	Neural Process. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1370-4621
ISSN (online)	1573-773X
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Networks and Communications Software General Neuroscience