How to format your references using the Neural Computing and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Neural Computing and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Thwaites T (2014) Research metrics: calling science to account. Nature 511:S57-60

A journal article with 2 authors

O’Neill LAJ, Hardie DG (2013) Metabolism of inflammation limited by AMPK and pseudo-starvation. Nature 493:346–355

A journal article with 3 authors

Koga K, Tanaka H, Zeng XC (2000) First-order transition in confined water between high-density liquid and low-density amorphous phases. Nature 408:564–567

A journal article with 5 or more authors

He Y, Jones CR, Fujiki N, et al (2009) The transcriptional repressor DEC2 regulates sleep length in mammals. Science 325:866–870

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

MacClancy J (2013) Anthropology in the Public Arena. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chichester, UK

An edited book

Gaisbauer HP, Schweiger G, Sedmak C (2016) Ethical Issues in Poverty Alleviation. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Popescu-Zeletin R, Radusch I, Rigani MA (2010) Routing. In: Radusch I, Rigani MA (eds) Vehicular-2-X Communication: State-of-the-Art and Research in Mobile Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 67–88

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Neural Computing and Applications.

Blog post

Hale T (2016) World Set To Lose Two-Thirds Of Its Wildlife By 2020, Says WWF. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/world-set-to-lose-twothirds-of-its-wildlife-by-2020-says-wwf/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2010) Aviation Security: TSA Is Increasing Procurement and Deployment of the Advanced Imaging Technology, but Challenges to This Effort and Other Areas of Aviation Security Remain. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McConnell KF (2008) Inventing pluralistic education: Compulsory schooling as technique of democratic deliberation. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hubbard B (2017) How Did Yoda End Up With a King? New York Times A12

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Neural Computing and Applications
Abbreviation	Neural Comput. Appl.
ISSN (print)	0941-0643
ISSN (online)	1433-3058
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Software