How to format your references using the Networks and Spatial Economics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Networks and Spatial Economics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kirschner MW (2006) Obituary: Reinhart Heinrich (1946-2006). Nature 444:700

A journal article with 2 authors

Hillaire-Marcel C, de Vernal A (2008) Comment on “Mixed-layer deepening during Heinrich events: a multi-planktonic foraminiferal delta18O approach.” Science 320:1161; author reply 1161

A journal article with 3 authors

Mayadas AF, Bourne J, Bacsich P (2009) Online education today. Science 323:85–89

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Martín-Ponce E, Hernández-Betancor I, González-Reimers E, et al (2014) Prognostic value of physical function tests: hand grip strength and six-minute walking test in elderly hospitalized patients. Sci Rep 4:7530

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Simonović SP (2010) Systems Approach to Management of Disasters. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Bazzan ALC, Pichara K (eds) (2014) Advances in Artificial Intelligence -- IBERAMIA 2014: 14th Ibero-American Conference on AI, Santiago de Chile, Chile, November 24-27, 2014, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Lu J, Xu T, Xue Q, Beake BD (2005) Nanoindentation, Nanoscratch and Nanoimpact Testing of Silicon-Based Materials with Nanostructured Surfaces. In: Bradt RC, Munz D, Sakai M, White KW (eds) Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Active Materials, Nanoscale Materials, Composites, Glass and Fundamentals. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 43–56

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Networks and Spatial Economics.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Astronomers Figure Out Why The Universe Isn’t As Bright As It Should Be. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/researchers-explain-why-universe-isn-t-bright-anticipated/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1987) FAA’s Implementation of a Performance Standard for Passenger Screening Process. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Stahl-Kovell DW (2014) Reimagining red power: Native American community, activism, and academics in postwar America. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rubin AJ (2017) Economy Idle, France Relaxes Its Labor Law. New York Times A1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kirschner 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Kirschner 2006; Hillaire-Marcel and de Vernal 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hillaire-Marcel and de Vernal 2008)
Three or more authors: (Martín-Ponce et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Networks and Spatial Economics
Abbreviation	Netw. Spat. Econ.
ISSN (print)	1566-113X
ISSN (online)	1572-9427
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Networks and Communications Software