How to format your references using the Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Davis ME. Ordered porous materials for emerging applications. Nature. 2002;417(6891):813-821.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bird JP, Ochiai Y. Physics. Electron spin polarization in nanoscale constrictions. Science. 2004;303(5664):1621-1622.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bryant P, Nunes T, Snaith R. Children learn an untaught rule of spelling. Nature. 2000;403(6766):157-158.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zhang Y, Wei T, Dong W, et al. Vapor-deposited amorphous metamaterials as visible near-perfect absorbers with random non-prefabricated metal nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4850.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lui SH. Numerical Analysis of Partial Differential Equations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

North PE, Sander T, eds. Vascular Tumors and Developmental Malformations: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Molecular Diagnosis. 1st ed. 2016. Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Buragga K, Dhir A, Boreqqah AA. Facebook an Open Education Platform: Exploring Its Educational Uses. In: Stephanidis C, ed. HCI International 2013 - Posters’ Extended Abstracts: International Conference, HCI International 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21-26, 2013, Proceedings, Part II. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer; 2013:18-22.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering.

Blog post

Hale T. Asia’s Wildlife-Snaring Crisis Documented In Graphic Photographs. IFLScience. Published January 24, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/asias-wildlife-snaring-crisis-documented-in-graphic-photographs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Older Driver Safety: Knowledge Sharing Should Help States Prepare for Increase in Older Driver Population. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ross TA. The Surgical Technologist Learning Partnership: A Comparison of Factors in a Preceptor Relationship. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

St. John Kelly E. PLAYING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD. New York Times. January 8, 1995:139.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering
ISSN (print)	2589-5540
Scope