How to format your references using the MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gladman B (2005) The Kuiper belt and the solar system’s comet disk. Science 307:71–75

A journal article with 2 authors

Williamson CE, Rose KC (2010) Environmental science. When UV meets fresh water. Science 329:637–639

A journal article with 3 authors

Bauer P, Thorpe A, Brunet G (2015) The quiet revolution of numerical weather prediction. Nature 525:47–55

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Townsend JA, Wright DA, Winfrey RJ, et al (2009) High-frequency modification of plant genes using engineered zinc-finger nucleases. Nature 459:442–445

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Joyner M (2009) Integration Marketing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Panosso Netto A, Trigo LGG (2015) Tourism in Latin America: Cases of Success. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Hüschelrath K, Schweitzer H (2014) The Role of Fines in the Public Enforcement of Competition Law. In: Hüschelrath K, Schweitzer H (eds) Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe: Legal and Economic Perspectives. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 53–61

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY.

Blog post

Hamilton K (2016) How We Set About Mending Damaged Knees With Stem Cells. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-we-set-about-mending-damaged-knees-with-stem-cells/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2014) Secure Flight: TSA Should Take Additional Steps to Determine Program Effectiveness. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ray-Dulany WR (2010) Base change for the Iwahori-Hecke algebra of GL2. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW (2016) Bipartisan Bill Poses Federal Control Over Puerto Rico’s Fiscal Affairs. New York Times B5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY
Abbreviation	Musculoskelet. Surg.
ISSN (print)	2035-5106
ISSN (online)	2035-5114
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery