How to format your references using the MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Komander D (2015) Biochemistry. Details of destruction, one molecule at a time. Science 348:183–184

A journal article with 2 authors

Shafto MA, Tyler LK (2014) Language in the aging brain: the network dynamics of cognitive decline and preservation. Science 346:583–587

A journal article with 3 authors

Carpenter SJ, Erickson JM, Holland FD Jr (2003) Migration of a Late Cretaceous fish. Nature 423:70–74

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Murakami A, Miyashita H, Iseki M, et al (2004) Chlorophyll d in an epiphytic cyanobacterium of red algae. Science 303:1633

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gregory J (2014) Central Counterparties. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Dong L (2012) Cryptographic Protocol: Security Analysis Based on Trusted Freshness. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Boelryk A, Amundsen C (2016) A Sociocultural Model for Mid-career Post-secondary Teacher Professional Learning. In: Billett S, Dymock D, Choy S (eds) Supporting Learning Across Working Life: Models, Processes and Practices. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 91–111

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Baby Beluga Whale Born At Georgia Aquarium Has Died. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/baby-beluga-whale-born-georgia-aquarium-has-died/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1990) Problems Persist in Justice’s ADP Management and Organizations. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ganji VG (2013) Exploring the application of haptic feedback guidance for port crane modernization. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J (2017) The Best Laid Schemes of Mules and Men. New York Times C4

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY
Abbreviation	Musculoskelet. Surg.
ISSN (print)	2035-5106
ISSN (online)	2035-5114
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery