How to format your references using the Microbiology Spectrum citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Microbiology Spectrum. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schmidt B. 2014. Perspective: if not funding then teaching. Nature 511:S81.

A journal article with 2 authors

Noble AJ, Stagg SM. 2015. STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY. COPI gets a fancy new coat. Science 349:142–143.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chakravarty S, Kee H-Y, Völker K. 2004. An explanation for a universality of transition temperatures in families of copper oxide superconductors. Nature 428:53–55.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Savage PA, Vosseller K, Kang C, Larimore K, Riedel E, Wojnoonski K, Jungbluth AA, Allison JP. 2008. Recognition of a ubiquitous self antigen by prostate cancer-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes. Science 319:215–220.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Spiegel R. 2005. Psychopharmacology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

2005. Radiation Safety Problems in the Caspian Region. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Garus J, Polak A. 2015. Simulation Model of PEM Fuel Cell Operating at Hydrogen and Oxygen, p. 31–39. In Awrejcewicz, J, Szewczyk, R, Trojnacki, M, Kaliczyńska, M (eds.), Mechatronics - Ideas for Industrial Application. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Microbiology Spectrum.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2015. Scientist Proposes That Black Holes are Harmless Holograms. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/black-holes-might-be-harmless/. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1992. Federal Research: SEMATECH’s Technological Progress and Proposed R&D Program. RCED-92-223BR. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Saifman HP. 2017. Millennial Nurse Manager Perspectives on Their Leadership Roles in the Hospital Setting: A Phenomenological Inquiry. Doctoral dissertation. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Malkin E, Minder R. 2016. A Former Mexican Governor Is Arrested, but Not by His Own Country. New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Microbiology Spectrum
Abbreviation	Microbiol. Spectr.
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
Scope	Cell Biology Genetics Physiology Ecology General Immunology and Microbiology Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)