How to format your references using the Medical Microbiology and Immunology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Medical Microbiology and Immunology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rice SA (2001) Interfering for the good of a chemical reaction. Nature 409:422–426

A journal article with 2 authors

le Noble F, le Noble J (2014) Bone biology: Vessels of rejuvenation. Nature 507:313–314

A journal article with 3 authors

Hempson GP, Archibald S, Bond WJ (2015) A continent-wide assessment of the form and intensity of large mammal herbivory in Africa. Science 350:1056–1061

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Niessing J, Ebisch B, Schmidt KE, et al (2005) Hemodynamic signals correlate tightly with synchronized gamma oscillations. Science 309:948–951

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kieser J, Taylor M, Carr D (2012) Forensic Biomechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Bischi GI, Panchuk A, Radi D (2016) Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems, Tools and Applications for Economic Modelling: Lectures Given at the COST Training School on New Economic Complex Geography at Urbino, Italy, 17-19 September 2015. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Alekseev AO, Alekseeva TV, Gerasimenko LM, et al (2016) Modifications of Selected Clay Minerals Due to Activity of Filamentous Alkaline Cyanobacteria. In: Frank-Kamenetskaya OV, Panova EG, Vlasov DY (eds) Biogenic—Abiogenic Interactions in Natural and Anthropogenic Systems. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 29–42

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

Blog post

Andrews R (2017) Ben Carson Has Some Curious Thoughts About The Human Brain. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/ben-carson-curious-thoughts-about-human-brain/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) Mass Transit Grants: Development Time Frames for Selected UMTA Projects. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Irving AV (2017) Occupational Stress and Law Enforcement Officer Significant Relationships. Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G (2010) How Broken Must College Football Be to Fix It? New York Times B11

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Abbreviation	Med. Microbiol. Immunol.
ISSN (print)	0300-8584
ISSN (online)	1432-1831
Scope	Immunology General Medicine Immunology and Allergy Microbiology (medical)