How to format your references using the Mathematical Medicine and Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Mathematical Medicine and Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Armbrust, E.V. (2009) The life of diatoms in the world’s oceans. Nature, 459, 185–192.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gillette, M.U. & Sejnowski, T.J. (2005) Physiology. Biological clocks coordinately keep life on time. Science, 309, 1196–1198.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wasmuth, E.V., Januszyk, K., & Lima, C.D. (2014) Structure of an Rrp6-RNA exosome complex bound to poly(A) RNA. Nature, 511, 435–439.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Wei, D.-J., Liu, Q., Zhang, H.-X., Hu, Y., Deng, Y., & Mahadevan, S. (2013) Box-covering algorithm for fractal dimension of weighted networks. Sci. Rep., 3, 3049.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rosenberger, W.R. (2005) Risk-Adjusted Lending Conditions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Engelhardt, H., Kohler, H.-P., & Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, A. (2009) Causal Analysis in Population Studies: Concepts, Methods, Applications, vol. 23, 1st ed. , The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Türler, A. & Gregorich, K.E. (2014) Experimental Techniques. The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements (Schädel, M. & Shaughnessy, D. eds). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 261–308.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Mathematical Medicine and Biology.

Blog post

Andrews, R. (2016) Biotech Company Granted Ethical Permission To Attempt To Use Stem Cells To Reactivate The Brains Of The Dead. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/brain/biotech-company-use-stem-cells-reactivate-brains-dead/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2016) School Choice: Private School Choice Programs Are Growing and Can Complicate Providing Certain Federally Funded Services to Eligible Students ( No. GAO-16-712). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tan-atichat, T.P. (2008) Behavior of VNC in high-latency environments and techniques for improvement (Doctoral dissertation).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Bowley, G. (2016) You Didn’t Paint This? Prove It. New York Times, AR1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Armbrust, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Gillette & Sejnowski, 2005; Armbrust, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gillette & Sejnowski, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Wei et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Mathematical Medicine and Biology
Abbreviation	Math. Med. Biol.
ISSN (print)	1477-8599
ISSN (online)	1477-8602
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Environmental Science General Immunology and Microbiology Applied Mathematics Modelling and Simulation General Medicine General Neuroscience Pharmacology