How to format your references using the Machines citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Machines. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Roff, D. Evolution. Evolutionary Danger for Rainforest Species. Science 2003, 301, 58–59.

A journal article with 2 authors

Green, D.J.; Alemseged, Z. Australopithecus Afarensis Scapular Ontogeny, Function, and the Role of Climbing in Human Evolution. Science 2012, 338, 514–517.

A journal article with 3 authors

Shay, J.W.; Reddel, R.R.; Wright, W.E. Cancer. Cancer and Telomeres--an ALTernative to Telomerase. Science 2012, 336, 1388–1390.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Stellamanns, E.; Uppaluri, S.; Hochstetter, A.; Heddergott, N.; Engstler, M.; Pfohl, T. Optical Trapping Reveals Propulsion Forces, Power Generation and Motility Efficiency of the Unicellular Parasites Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 6515.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Carroll, J.M.; Bowyer-Crane, C.; Duff, F.J.; Hulme, C.; Snowling, M.J. Developing Language and Literacy; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK, 2011; ISBN 9780470977460.

An edited book

High Field Brain MRI: Use in Clinical Practice; Salvolini, U., Scarabino, T., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006; ISBN 9783540317753.

A chapter in an edited book

Hammerman, M.R. Frontiers in Organ Transplantation. In Pathology of Solid Organ Transplantation; Liapis, H., Wang, H.L., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011; pp. 57–74 ISBN 9783540793427.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Machines.

Blog post

Davis, J. Even Elephants In Remote Rainforests Are Being Slaughtered Available online: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/even-elephants-in-remote-rainforests-are-being-slaughtered/ (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Technology Assessment: Explosives Detection Technologies to Protect Passenger Rail; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2010;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lam, N.N. The Effect of Racial Disparities and Adult Supervision in Human Papillomavirus Knowledge among Female Adolescents. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Friedland, S. THE RUSSIAN STUDENT QUESTION AS SEEN BY A RUSSIAN WOMAN. New York Times 1902, The New York Times MAGAZINE SUPPLEMENTSM13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Machines
ISSN (online)	2075-1702
Scope