How to format your references using the Liver Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liver Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kaplan K. Personnel dilemma. Nature. 2009;458(7236):372-373.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Genetics. Simple genetics for a complex disease. Science. 2013;340(6133):689-690.

A journal article with 3 authors

Barrett RDH, Rogers SM, Schluter D. Natural selection on a major armor gene in threespine stickleback. Science. 2008;322(5899):255-257.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Giraud E, Fardoux J, Fourrier N, et al. Bacteriophytochrome controls photosystem synthesis in anoxygenic bacteria. Nature. 2002;417(6885):202-205.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hagen J. Chemiereaktoren. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2017.

An edited book

GmbH G, ed. Cooperation Management for Practitioners: Managing Social Change with Capacity WORKS. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Zöller M, Jung T. The Colorectal Cancer Initiating Cell: Markers and Their Role in Liver Metastasis. In: Brodt P, ed. Liver Metastasis: Biology and Clinical Management. Cancer Metastasis – Biology and Treatment. Springer Netherlands; 2011:89-127.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liver Research.

Blog post

Andrew E. Sexual Harassment Compromises Graduate Students’ Safety. IFLScience. Published May 19, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/sexual-harassment-compromises-graduate-students-safety/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Surface Transportation: Efforts to Address Highway Congestion through Real-Time Traffic Information Systems Are Expanding but Face Implementation Challenges. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Starr MJ. Tests for Positive Selection on Genes Encoding Heat Shock Proteins in the Marine Slipper Snail, Crepidula Fornicata. Doctoral dissertation. University of Louisiana; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shear MD, Goodnough A. President Is Preparing to Declare a National Emergency Over the Opioid Epidemic. New York Times. August 10, 2017:A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Liver Research
ISSN (print)	2542-5684
Scope

Research and Writing Guides