How to format your references using the Liver Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liver Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Grayson M. Symposium overview: Raising standards. Nature. 2015;520(7549):S10-2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wang HY, Malbon CC. Wnt signaling, Ca2+, and cyclic GMP: visualizing Frizzled functions. Science. 2003;300(5625):1529-1530.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lynch VJ, May G, Wagner GP. Regulatory evolution through divergence of a phosphoswitch in the transcription factor CEBPB. Nature. 2011;480(7377):383-386.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Perillo B, Ombra MN, Bertoni A, et al. DNA oxidation as triggered by H3K9me2 demethylation drives estrogen-induced gene expression. Science. 2008;319(5860):202-206.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Russell C. Trustee Investment Strategy for Endowments and Foundations. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

Syed MA, Mohiaddin RH, eds. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Congenital Heart Disease. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Berman P, Karpinski M, Zelikovsky A. A 3/2-Approximation Algorithm for Generalized Steiner Trees in Complete Graphs with Edge Lengths 1 and 2. In: Cheong O, Chwa KY, Park K, eds. Algorithms and Computation: 21st International Symposium, ISAAC 2010, Jeju Island, Korea, December 15-17, 2010, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2010:15-24.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liver Research.

Blog post

Luntz S. Smallpox Vials Found In Unapproved Laboratory. IFLScience. July 9, 2014. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/smallpox-vials-found-unapproved-laboratory/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Cost Overrun on the Aeropropulsion Systems Test Facility. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Driskill KM. A Qualitative Study of Teacher Understanding and Use of Differentiated Instruction to Promote Reading Achievement. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodara S. Unseen Ingredients: Cash, and Lots of Time. New York Times. August 28, 2016:WE9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Liver Research
ISSN (print)	2542-5684
Scope