How to format your references using the Liver Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liver Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Duncan M. Astronomy. Re-viewing an old comet reservoir. Science. 2009;325(5945):1211-1212.

A journal article with 2 authors

Abramov O, Mojzsis SJ. Microbial habitability of the Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment. Nature. 2009;459(7245):419-422.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang P, Cohen RE, Haule K. Effects of electron correlations on transport properties of iron at Earth’s core conditions. Nature. 2015;517(7536):605-607.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Martinez-Levasseur LM, Birch-Machin MA, Bowman A, et al. Whales use distinct strategies to counteract solar ultraviolet radiation. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2386.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

DiBerardinis LJ, Baum JS, First MW, Gatwood GT, Seth AK. Guidelines for Laboratory Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Brombin C. Parametric and Nonparametric Inference for Statistical Dynamic Shape Analysis with Applications. 1st ed. 2016. (Salmaso L, Fontanella L, Ippoliti L, Fusilli C, eds.). Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Renner R. Quantum-Resilient Randomness Extraction. In: Fehr S, ed. Information Theoretic Security: 5th International Conference, ICITS 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, May 21-24, 2011. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2011:52-57.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liver Research.

Blog post

Hale T. Apparently No One Knows Where Loofahs Come From. IFLScience. February 24, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/your-bathrooms-loofah-probably-isnt-what-you-think-it-is-/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Assessment of the Impact Aid Program. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1976.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Aldridge KN. The Impact of Improved Teachers’ Classroom Management and Cultural Responsiveness on Student Behavior. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ratliff B. Imagine Beckett as a Cranky Songwriter. New York Times. August 25, 2016:AR12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Liver Research
ISSN (print)	2542-5684
Scope