How to format your references using the Lithosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lithosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Davis, A.M., 2009, Astronomy. Early solar system chronology: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 325, p. 951–952.

A journal article with 2 authors

Mossel, E., and Vigoda, E., 2005, Phylogenetic MCMC algorithms are misleading on mixtures of trees: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 309, p. 2207–2209.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nahm, H.-H., Park, C.H., and Kim, Y.-S., 2014, Bistability of hydrogen in ZnO: origin of doping limit and persistent photoconductivity: Scientific reports, v. 4, p. 4124.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Lachke, S.A. et al., 2011, Mutations in the RNA granule component TDRD7 cause cataract and glaucoma: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 331, p. 1571–1576.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Belfiore, L.A., 2010, Physical Properties of Macromolecules: Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Villafuerte, J. (Ed.), 2015, Modern Cold Spray: Materials, Process, and Applications: Cham, Springer International Publishing, X, 429 p. 293 illus., 120 illus. in color p.

A chapter in an edited book

Siqueira, A.C. de, 2012, The 2020 World Bank Education Strategy, in Klees, S.J., Samoff, J., and Stromquist, N.P. eds., The World Bank and Education: Critiques and Alternatives, Rotterdam, SensePublishers, p. 69–81.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lithosphere.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015, Reintroduce Lynx? Fine, But We Must Control The Apex Predator: IFLScience,.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2010, Telecommunications: FCC’s Performance Management Weaknesses Could Jeopardize Proposed Reforms of the Rural Health Care Program: U.S. Government Printing Office GAO-11-27.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kwon, Y., 2009, Extreme value estimators: Their long memory feature and forecasting performances in the U.S. stock indexes [Doctoral dissertation]: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Otis, J., 2016, Young Mother Sees Education as a Path to Help Her Daughter: New York Times, p. A20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Davis, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Mossel and Vigoda, 2005; Davis, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Mossel and Vigoda, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Lachke et al., 2011)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lithosphere
Abbreviation	Lithosphere
ISSN (print)	1941-8264
ISSN (online)	1947-4253
Scope	Geology