How to format your references using the Lithosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lithosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dobson, C.M., 2004, Protein chemistry. In the footsteps of alchemists: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 304, p. 1259–1262.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lazar, M.A., and Birnbaum, M.J., 2012, Physiology. De-meaning of metabolism: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 336, p. 1651–1652.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rougier, G.W., Apesteguía, S., and Gaetano, L.C., 2011, Highly specialized mammalian skulls from the Late Cretaceous of South America: Nature, v. 479, p. 98–102.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Hu, X., Yang, J., Zi, J., Chan, C.T., and Ho, K.-M., 2013, Experimental observation of negative effective gravity in water waves: Scientific reports, v. 3, p. 1916.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Petrucelli, J.R., and Peters, J.R., 2016, Preventing Fraud and Mismanagement in Government: Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Gelbukh, A. (Ed.), 2006, Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 7th International Conference, CICLing 2006, Mexico City, Mexico, February 19-25, 2006. Proceedings: Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 3878, XVIII, 594 p p.

A chapter in an edited book

Guillevic, A., and Ionica, S., 2013, Four-Dimensional GLV via the Weil Restriction, in Sako, K. and Sarkar, P. eds., Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2013: 19th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Bengaluru, India, December 1-5, 2013, Proceedings, Part I, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, p. 79–96.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lithosphere.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015, Why Screen Time Before Bed Is Bad For Children: IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/why-screen-time-bed-bad-children/ (accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1969, An Approach to the Audit of Research and Development Activities: U.S. Government Printing Office 091023.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Norris, C., 2014, What is Lost Along the Way [Doctoral dissertation]: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodgman, J., 2017, Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman: New York Times, p. MM28.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Dobson, 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Dobson, 2004; Lazar and Birnbaum, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lazar and Birnbaum, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Hu et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lithosphere
Abbreviation	Lithosphere
ISSN (print)	1941-8264
ISSN (online)	1947-4253
Scope	Geology