How to format your references using the Lithosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lithosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smith, C., 2003, The silent treatment: Nature, v. 422, p. 342.

A journal article with 2 authors

Frusawa, H., and Matsumoto, Y., 2014, Tuning the size and configuration of nanocarbon microcapsules: aqueous method using optical tweezers: Scientific reports, v. 4, p. 4074.

A journal article with 3 authors

Huang, N., Xu, Y., and Jiang, D., 2014, High-performance heterogeneous catalysis with surface-exposed stable metal nanoparticles: Scientific reports, v. 4, p. 7228.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Deleris, A., Gallego-Bartolome, J., Bao, J., Kasschau, K.D., Carrington, J.C., and Voinnet, O., 2006, Hierarchical action and inhibition of plant Dicer-like proteins in antiviral defense: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 313, p. 68–71.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Al-Shuhail, A.A., Al-Dossary, S.A., and Mousa, W.A., 2017, Seismic Data Interpretation using Digital Image Processing: Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Palo, M., 2012, Private or Socialistic Forestry?: Forest Transition in Finland vs. Deforestation in the Tropics (E. Lehto, Ed.): Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands, World Forests, v. 10, XXIV, 464 p p.

A chapter in an edited book

Tomlinson, S.E., Lewis, R., and Carré, M.J., 2008, Friction between Players’ Hands and Sports Equipment (P7), in Brisson, P. ed., The Engineering of Sport 7: Vol. 1, Paris, Springer, p. 27–34.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lithosphere.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J., 2017, The White House Has Released A Plan To Deal With An Asteroid Impact: IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/space/the-white-house-has-released-a-plan-to-deal-with-an-asteroid-impact/ (accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2016, IT Workforce: Key Practices Help Ensure Strong Integrated Program Teams; Selected Departments Need to Assess Skill Gaps: U.S. Government Printing Office GAO-17-8.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kott, T.M., 2012, Measurements of correlated two-dimensional electrons in the lowest Landau level on silicon(111) [Doctoral dissertation]: University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Quain, J.R., 2017, Your Car May Soon Be Able to Read Your Face: New York Times, p. B6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smith, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Smith, 2003; Frusawa and Matsumoto, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Frusawa and Matsumoto, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Deleris et al., 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lithosphere
Abbreviation	Lithosphere
ISSN (print)	1941-8264
ISSN (online)	1947-4253
Scope	Geology