How to format your references using the Life citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Life. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Seife, C. ASTRONOMY: Brown Dwarf’s Flare Opens X-Ray Eyes. Science 2000, 289, 373a–374a.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zahn, M.; von Storch, H. Decreased Frequency of North Atlantic Polar Lows Associated with Future Climate Warming. Nature 2010, 467, 309–312.

A journal article with 3 authors

Depew, M.J.; Lufkin, T.; Rubenstein, J.L.R. Specification of Jaw Subdivisions by Dlx Genes. Science 2002, 298, 381–385.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Christian, K.M.; Poulos, A.M.; Lavond, D.G.; Thompson, R.F. Comment on “Cerebellar LTD and Learning-Dependent Timing of Conditioned Eyelid Responses.” Science 2004, 304, 211; author reply 211.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lade, P.V. Triaxial Testing of Soils; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK, 2016; ISBN 9781119106616.

An edited book

Sustainability in America’s Cities: Creating the Green Metropolis; Slavin, M.I., Ed.; Island Press/Center for Resource Economics: Washington, DC, 2011; ISBN 9781610910286.

A chapter in an edited book

Moorman, A.V.; Harrison, C.J. Cytogenetics. In Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Biology and Treatment; Advani, A.S., Lazarus, H.M., Eds.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 2011; pp. 61–75 ISBN 9781607617068.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Life.

Blog post

Andrew, E. The Science Of Depression (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Aviation Security: Improved Controls Needed To Prevent Unauthorized Access at Key Airports; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1988;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Leung, R. The Effect of Mission Assurance on ELV Launch Success Rate: An Analysis of Two Management Systems for Launch Vehicles. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University: Washington, DC, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Roach, M. Bodies at War. New York Times 2016, D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Life
Abbreviation	Life (Basel)
ISSN (online)	2075-1729
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Palaeontology Space and Planetary Science