How to format your references using the Leiden Journal of International Law citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Leiden Journal of International Law (LJIL). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

J.P.J.P. Onnela, 'Physics. Flow of Control in Networks', (2014) 343 Science (New York, N.Y.), 1325–1326.

A journal article with 2 authors

J. Cichon & W.B. Gan, 'Branch-Specific Dendritic Ca(2+) Spikes Cause Persistent Synaptic Plasticity', (2015) 520 Nature, 180–185.

A journal article with 3 authors

S.S. Magavi et al, 'Induction of Neurogenesis in the Neocortex of Adult Mice', (2000) 405 Nature, 951–955.

A journal article with 3 or more authors

H. Zhang et al, 'Structure of the Glucagon Receptor in Complex with a Glucagon Analogue', (2018) 553 Nature, 106–110.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

P.P. Chu, RTL Hardware Design Using VHDL (2006).

An edited book

M. Ramos-Casals et al (ed.), Sjögren’s Syndrome: Diagnosis and Therapeutics (2012).

A chapter in an edited book

A. Rosales-López & M.R. Ortiz-Posadas, 'A Distribution Strategy for Imaging Centers in the Costa Rican Public Health System', in O. Dössel & W.C. Schlegel (ed.), World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany: Vol. 25/12 General Subjects (2009), 12.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Leiden Journal of International Law.

Blog post

Else

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

U.S. Government Printing Office, FCC: Maritime Communications, August 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Else

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

S. Hodara, 'On the Glass House’s Pond, Clattering Polka Dots', New York Times, 3 July 2016

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text

About the journal

Full journal title	Leiden Journal of International Law
Abbreviation	Leiden J. Int. Law
ISSN (print)	0922-1565
ISSN (online)	1478-9698
Scope	Law Political Science and International Relations