How to format your references using the Language and Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Language and Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zerhouni, Elias. 2003. “Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Programs.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 300 (5621): 911–912.

A journal article with 2 authors

Montagner, J. P., and J. Ritsema. 2001. “Geology. Interactions between Ridges and Plumes.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 294 (5546): 1472–1473.

A journal article with 3 authors

Stewart, J. T., J. P. Gaebler, and D. S. Jin. 2008. “Using Photoemission Spectroscopy to Probe a Strongly Interacting Fermi Gas.” Nature 454 (7205): 744–747.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Barkai, R., A. Gopher, S. E. Lauritzen, and A. Frumkin. 2003. “Uranium Series Dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the End of the Lower Palaeolithic.” Nature 423 (6943): 977–979.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Larose, Daniel T. 2005. Data Mining Methods and Models. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Liljedahl, Peter. 2016. Problem Solving in Mathematics Education. Edited by Manuel Santos-Trigo, Uldarico Malaspina, and Regina Bruder. ICME-13 Topical Surveys. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Baisero, Andrea, Florian T. Pokorny, Danica Kragic, and Carl Henrik Ek. 2015. “The Path Kernel: A Novel Kernel for Sequential Data.” In Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods: International Conference, ICPRAM 2013 Barcelona, Spain, February 15-18, 2013 Revised Selected Papers, edited by Ana Fred and Maria De Marsico, 71–84. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Language and Education.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2013. “Troubling Times for Tigers.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/troubling-times-tigers/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2000. Naval Ship Donation: Selection Decision for U.S.S. New Jersey Was Objective, but Selection Process Can Be Strengthened. GAO-01-31. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Laird, Erin C. 2012. “Training Social Workers to Use Solution-Focused Interviewing with Child Protective Services Clients: A Grant Proposal.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Goldstein, Matthew, Steve Eder, Kate Kelly, Alexandra Stevenson, and Ben Protess. 2017. “Sources of Trump Aides’ Wealth Include Cosmetics and ‘Seinfeld’ Reruns.” New York Times, April 1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Zerhouni 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Zerhouni 2003; Montagner and Ritsema 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Montagner and Ritsema 2001)
Three authors: (Stewart, Gaebler, and Jin 2008)
4 or more authors: (Barkai et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Language and Education
Abbreviation	Lang. Educ.
ISSN (print)	0950-0782
ISSN (online)	1747-7581
Scope	Language and Linguistics Education Linguistics and Language