How to format your references using the Language and Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Language and Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fairley, Peter. 2011. “Introduction: Next Generation Biofuels.” Nature 474 (7352): S2-5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Matsukevich, D. N., and A. Kuzmich. 2004. “Quantum State Transfer between Matter and Light.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 306 (5696): 663–666.

A journal article with 3 authors

Charlebois, Robert L., Robert G. Beiko, and Mark A. Ragan. 2003. “Microbial Phylogenomics: Branching Out.” Nature 421 (6920): 217.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Yang, Zhenlin, Shuo Han, Max Keller, Anette Kaiser, Brian J. Bender, Mathias Bosse, Kerstin Burkert, et al. 2018. “Structural Basis of Ligand Binding Modes at the Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptor.” Nature 556 (7702): 520–524.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Moeller, Robert R. 2013. Executive’s Guide to IT Governance. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Shri Mohan Jain, and Dennis V. Johnson, eds. 2015. Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization: Volume 2: Asia and Europe. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Lucas, George R. 2014. “Permissible Preventive Cyberwar: Restricting Cyber Conflict to Justified Military Targets.” In The Ethics of Information Warfare, edited by Luciano Floridi and Mariarosaria Taddeo, 73–83. Law, Governance and Technology Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Language and Education.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2015. “It’s the Final Countdown! Juno Is Now Only a Year Away from Orbiting Jupiter.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/its-final-countdown-juno-rover-now-only-year-away-orbiting-jupiter/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1994. Transportation Infrastructure: Benefits of Traffic Control Signal Systems Are Not Being Fully Realized. RCED-94-105. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Li, Jia. 2015. “Growth Prediction of New Fractures in the Shadows of Existing Hydraulic Fractures in Shale Gas Formations.” Doctoral dissertation, Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley, Ben. 2016. “Witches of Salem Are Back; You May Be One.” New York Times, April 1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Fairley 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Fairley 2011; Matsukevich and Kuzmich 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Matsukevich and Kuzmich 2004)
Three authors: (Charlebois, Beiko, and Ragan 2003)
4 or more authors: (Yang et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Language and Education
Abbreviation	Lang. Educ.
ISSN (print)	0950-0782
ISSN (online)	1747-7581
Scope	Language and Linguistics Education Linguistics and Language