How to format your references using the Language and Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Language and Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Flight, Monica Hoyos. 2013. “Drug Discovery: Structure-Led Design.” Nature 502 (7471): S50-2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kurotobi, Kei, and Yasujiro Murata. 2011. “A Single Molecule of Water Encapsulated in Fullerene C₆₀.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 333 (6042): 613–616.

A journal article with 3 authors

Moritz, Richard E., Cecilia M. Bitz, and Eric J. Steig. 2002. “Dynamics of Recent Climate Change in the Arctic.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 297 (5586): 1497–1502.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Olesen, Claus, Martin Picard, Anne-Marie Lund Winther, Claus Gyrup, J. Preben Morth, Claus Oxvig, Jesper Vuust Møller, and Poul Nissen. 2007. “The Structural Basis of Calcium Transport by the Calcium Pump.” Nature 450 (7172): 1036–1042.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Fink, Johannes Karl. 2016. Metallized and Magnetic Polymers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Telman, D. A. Jeremy, ed. 2016. Hans Kelsen in America - Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence. Vol. 116. Law and Philosophy Library. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Holmberg, Kim, Kristina Eriksson-Backa, and Stefan Ek. 2014. “Tweeting about Diabetes and Diets – Content and Conversational Connections.” In Safe and Secure Cities: 5th International Conference on Well-Being in the Information Society, WIS 2014, Turku, Finland, August 18-20, 2014. Proceedings, edited by Kaija Saranto, Maaret Castrén, Tiina Kuusela, Sami Hyrynsalmi, and Stina Ojala, 46–56. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Language and Education.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, Jonathan. 2015. “Earth Used To Be Orange.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/earth-used-look-orange/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1998. District of Columbia Public Schools: Availability of Funds and the Cost of FY 1997 Roof Projects. T-AIMD-98-95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zhao, Jing. 2012. “Contextual Differential Item Functioning: Examining the Validity of Teaching Self-Efficacy Instruments Using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling.” Doctoral dissertation, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Philpott, Mary Laura. 2017. “My Adventures in Accountability.” New York Times, July 14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Flight 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Flight 2013; Kurotobi and Murata 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kurotobi and Murata 2011)
Three authors: (Moritz, Bitz, and Steig 2002)
4 or more authors: (Olesen et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Language and Education
Abbreviation	Lang. Educ.
ISSN (print)	0950-0782
ISSN (online)	1747-7581
Scope	Language and Linguistics Education Linguistics and Language