How to format your references using the Landscape Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Landscape Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Goldston D (2007) Small advances. Nature 450:1141

A journal article with 2 authors

Rieseberg LH, Willis JH (2007) Plant speciation. Science 317:910–914

A journal article with 3 authors

Barsh GS, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S (2000) Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature 404:644–651

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Adhyaksa GWP, Lee GI, Baek S-W, et al (2013) Broadband energy transfer to sensitizing dyes by mobile quantum dot mediators in solar cells. Sci Rep 3:2711

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Poltorak AI, Lerner PJ (2011) Essentials of Intellectual Property. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Trąpczyński P, Puślecki Ł, Jarosiński M (eds) (2016) Competitiveness of CEE Economies and Businesses: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Challenges and Opportunities. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Kireyev D, Hung J (2016) Valvular Quantification. In: Kireyev D, Hung J (eds) Cardiac Imaging in Clinical Practice. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 31–50

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Landscape Ecology.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2017) How Antarctica Became Frozen. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2006) Media Contracts: Activities and Financial Obligations for Seven Federal Departments. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vande Voort PS (2013) A phenomenological exploration of faculty experiences using lecture capture systems. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B (2017) Hear a Song, Pick a Side. New York Times C1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Goldston 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Rieseberg and Willis 2007; Goldston 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rieseberg and Willis 2007)
Three or more authors: (Adhyaksa et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Landscape Ecology
Abbreviation	Landsc. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0921-2973
ISSN (online)	1572-9761
Scope	Ecology Nature and Landscape Conservation Geography, Planning and Development