How to format your references using the Landscape Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Landscape Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P (2004) Two-way traffic. Nature 431:611

A journal article with 2 authors

Piperno DR, Stothert KE (2003) Phytolith evidence for early Holocene Cucurbita domestication in southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054–1057

A journal article with 3 authors

Mollicone D, Eva HD, Achard F (2006) Ecology: human role in Russian wild fires. Nature 440:436–437

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Morishita Y, Yoshizawa H, Watanabe M, et al (2014) siRNAs targeted to Smad4 prevent renal fibrosis in vivo. Sci Rep 4:6424

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Smirnov BM (2010) Cluster Processes in Gases and Plasmas. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany

An edited book

Funari P, Zarankin A, Salerno M (eds) (2010) Memories from Darkness: Archaeology of Repression and Resistance in Latin America. Springer, New York, NY

A chapter in an edited book

Holzinger A, Dorner S, Födinger M, et al (2010) Chances of Increasing Youth Health Awareness through Mobile Wellness Applications. In: Leitner G, Hitz M, Holzinger A (eds) HCI in Work and Learning, Life and Leisure: 6th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering, USAB 2010, Klagenfurt, Austria, November 4-5, 2010. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 71–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Landscape Ecology.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) A Simple Daily Pregnancy Pill Could Boost Population IQ And Save The NHS Money. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1992) Cleanup Technology: Better Management for DOE’s Technology Development Program. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mocilnikar GE (2011) Playing with movies: An examination of the interactions between music and film in “Fantasie for horn and film.” Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Poniewozik J (2017) Will He Let Loose the Hounds? New York Times C5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smaglik 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Piperno and Stothert 2003; Smaglik 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Piperno and Stothert 2003)
Three or more authors: (Morishita et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Landscape Ecology
Abbreviation	Landsc. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0921-2973
ISSN (online)	1572-9761
Scope	Ecology Nature and Landscape Conservation Geography, Planning and Development