How to format your references using the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kramer M. Astronomy. Extreme spinning tops. Science. 2009 Jun 12;324(5933):1396–1397.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gottfried K, Salpeter EE. Obituary: Hans A. Bethe (1906-2005). Nature. 2005 Apr 21;434(7036):970–971.

A journal article with 3 authors

Migliari S, Fender R, Méndez M. Iron emission lines from extended x-ray jets in SS 433: reheating of atomic nuclei. Science. 2002 Sep 6;297(5587):1673–1676.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

de Jonge N, Lamy Y, Schoots K, Oosterkamp TH. High brightness electron beam from a multi-walled carbon nanotube. Nature. 2002 Nov 28;420(6914):393–395.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bahgat G. Energy Security. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Hens L, Howard CV, editors. Environmental Health Impacts of Transport and Mobility. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Cunnington A, Patel S, Lyall H. Why Are Some Babies Still Being Infected with HIV in the UK? In: Finn A, Curtis N, Pollard AJ, editors. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. p. 57–71.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.

Blog post

Luntz S. Dark Matter Might Not Be As Dark As We Thought [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 Apr 16 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/dark-matter-not-so-dark/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. IRS’ ADP Budget: Funds for a Suspended Payroll Project Need Further Justification. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Trahan MW. Large-scale 20th Century Warming Identified in the East Siberian Arctic Using Tree-ring Carbon Isotope Records. 2015;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B. After 15 Years, New York Is Back as Grammy Host. New York Times. 2017 May 9;B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^3,4.
This sentence cites four references ^3,5,7,8.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Shoulder Elbow Surg.
ISSN (print)	1058-2746
ISSN (online)	1532-6500
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery