How to format your references using the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marris E. India in demand. Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):902–903.

A journal article with 2 authors

Tamaru H, Selker EU. A histone H3 methyltransferase controls DNA methylation in Neurospora crassa. Nature. 2001 Nov 15;414(6861):277–283.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rand DG, Greene JD, Nowak MA. Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):427–430.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Lieberman E, Michel J-B, Jackson J, Tang T, Nowak MA. Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language. Nature. 2007 Oct 11;449(7163):713–716.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Reinhardt H-W. Ingenieurbaustoffe. Berlin, Germany: Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG; 2010.

An edited book

Fiandaca G, editor. Women and the Mafia. New York, NY: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Bocaniala CD, Sá da Costa J. A Fuzzy Classification Technique Applied to Fault Diagnosis. In: Palade V, Jain L, Bocaniala CD, editors. Computational Intelligence in Fault Diagnosis. London: Springer; 2006. p. 105–123.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. How Nigeria Beat The Ebola Virus In Three Months [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 May 13 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-nigeria-beat-ebola-virus-three-months/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Poor Design and Management Hamper Army’s Basic Skills Education Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Parisi J. Correlation of Conditional Admittance and Student Achievement in an Undergraduate Higher Education Setting. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Use Any Color Shopping Bag, So Long as It’s Red. New York Times. 2002 Jul 28;145.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^2,4.
This sentence cites four references ^3,6–8.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Shoulder Elbow Surg.
ISSN (print)	1058-2746
ISSN (online)	1532-6500
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery