How to format your references using the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schönenberger C. Physics. Two indistinguishable electrons interfere in an electronic device. Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1041–1042.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sigala N, Logothetis NK. Visual categorization shapes feature selectivity in the primate temporal cortex. Nature. 2002 Jan 17;415(6869):318–320.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li L, Leid M, Rothenberg EV. An early T cell lineage commitment checkpoint dependent on the transcription factor Bcl11b. Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):89–93.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Eubelen M, Bostaille N, Cabochette P, Gauquier A, Tebabi P, Dumitru AC, et al. A molecular mechanism for Wnt ligand-specific signaling. Science. 2018 Aug 17;361(6403).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bullard B. Style and Statistics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Mathis K, Tor A, editors. Nudging - Possibilities, Limitations and Applications in European Law and Economics. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Supriya, Siuly, Wang H, Zhuo G, Zhang Y. Analyzing EEG Signal Data for Detection of Epileptic Seizure: Introducing Weight on Visibility Graph with Complex Network Feature. In: Cheema MA, Zhang W, Chang L, editors. Databases Theory and Applications: 27th Australasian Database Conference, ADC 2016, Sydney, NSW, September 28-29, 2016, Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 56–66.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.

Blog post

Hale T. How To Calm Waves On A Lake With A Spoonful Of Olive OIl [Internet]. IFLScience. 2016 Dec 16 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/how-to-calm-waves-on-a-lake-with-a-spoonful-of-olive-oil/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Examination Into Certain Contract Costs for the E-2C Aircraft Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ryan BA. Computer-Based Versus Paper-Pencil Modes of Administration United States Government End of Course Exams: Student Cumulative Grade Point Averages as Predictors of Success. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum MM, Stack L. O’Reilly Addresses Fans Via Podcast as Fox News Adjusts to a New Lineup. New York Times. 2017 Apr 25;B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^2,4.
This sentence cites four references ^5–8.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Shoulder Elbow Surg.
ISSN (print)	1058-2746
ISSN (online)	1532-6500
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery