How to format your references using the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Launius RD. Neil Armstrong (1930-2012). Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):368.

A journal article with 2 authors

Crowley TJ, Hyde WT. Transient nature of late Pleistocene climate variability. Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):226–230.

A journal article with 3 authors

Garner EC, Campbell CS, Mullins RD. Dynamic instability in a DNA-segregating prokaryotic actin homolog. Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1021–1025.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kéfi S, Rietkerk M, Alados CL, Pueyo Y, Papanastasis VP, Elaich A, et al. Spatial vegetation patterns and imminent desertification in Mediterranean arid ecosystems. Nature. 2007 Sep 13;449(7159):213–217.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Upreti SR. Process Modeling and Simulation for Chemical Engineers. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2017.

An edited book

Giannoccaro I, editor. Behavioral Issues in Operations Management: New Trends in Design, Management, and Methodologies. London: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Dimmock DP. Deoxyguanosine Kinase. In: Wong L-JC, editor. Mitochondrial Disorders Caused by Nuclear Genes. New York, NY: Springer; 2013. p. 91–102.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.

Blog post

Luntz S. Ocean Acidification Conference Hears The Bad News [Internet]. IFLScience. 2016 May 4 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/ocean-acidification-conference-hears-bad-news/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Surface Transportation: Actions Needed to Improve Documentation of Key Decisions in the TIGER Discretionary Grant Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Yoon J. Jan Radzynski’s Canto (1981): An Introductory View of Its Genre, Style, and Form, with Suggestions for Performance. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Corkery M. The Graduates of Walmart Academy. New York Times. 2017 Aug 8;A2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^3,4.
This sentence cites four references ^3,5,7,8.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Shoulder Elbow Surg.
ISSN (print)	1058-2746
ISSN (online)	1532-6500
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery