How to format your references using the Journal of Refractive Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Refractive Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Novick RP. Medicine. Combating impervious bugs. Science. 2008;319(5865):910-911.

A journal article with 2 authors

Simmons NA, Gurrola H. Multiple seismic discontinuities near the base of the transition zone in the Earth’s mantle. Nature. 2000;405(6786):559-562.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rappuoli R, Miller HI, Falkow S. Medicine. The intangible value of vaccination. Science. 2002;297(5583):937-939.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zhang J, Hupfeld CJ, Taylor SS, Olefsky JM, Tsien RY. Insulin disrupts beta-adrenergic signalling to protein kinase A in adipocytes. Nature. 2005;437(7058):569-573.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Elias HG. Macromolecules. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; 2006.

An edited book

Fischer X. Research in Interactive Design: Proceedings of Virtual Concept 2005. (Coutellier D, ed.). Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Wei Z, Chen W, Wang J. 3D Semantic Map-Based Shared Control for Smart Wheelchair. In: Su CY, Rakheja S, Liu H, eds. Intelligent Robotics and Applications: 5th International Conference, ICIRA 2012, Montreal, Canada, October 3-5, 2012, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2012:41-51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Refractive Surgery.

Blog post

Fang J. Songbirds Can Sense Impending Storms. IFLScience. December 18, 2014. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/songbirds-can-sense-impending-storms-and-skedaddle/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Assessment of the Teacher Corps Program at the University of Southern California and Participating Schools in Tulare County Serving Rural-Migrant Children. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1971.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cook AE. Gas Hydrate-Filled Fracture Reservoirs on Continental Margins. Doctoral dissertation. Columbia University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. In Unlikely Urban Shadows, A Shopping Haven Takes Root. New York Times. February 16, 2003:146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Refractive Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Refract. Surg.
ISSN (print)	1081-597X
ISSN (online)	1938-2391
Scope	Ophthalmology Surgery