How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bonetta L. Protein purification: target identification. Nature. 2006;439(7079):1021.

A journal article with 2 authors

Seitz AR, Watanabe T. Psychophysics: Is subliminal learning really passive? Nature. 2003;422(6927):36.

A journal article with 3 authors

Altabet MA, Higginson MJ, Murray DW. The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2. Nature. 2002;415(6868):159-162.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chabrière E, Vernède X, Guigliarelli B, Charon MH, Hatchikian EC, Fontecilla-Camps JC. Crystal structure of the free radical intermediate of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Science. 2001;294(5551):2559-2563.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Coates M, Jenkins B. Electrical Installation Calculations: For Compliance with BS 7671:2008. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010.

An edited book

Rzany B, Maio M de, eds. Injectable Fillers in Aesthetic Medicine. Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Rintaluoma T, Reinikka T, Rouvinen J, Boutellier J, Jääskeläinen P, Silvén O. Programmable Accelerators for Reconfigurable Video Decoder. In: Bertels K, Dimopoulos N, Silvano C, Wong S, eds. Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation: 9th International Workshop, SAMOS 2009, Samos, Greece, July 20-23, 2009. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2009:36-47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Hamilton K. Circadian Rhythms And Sleep Loss: What Happens In Your Brain When You Pull An All-Nighter? IFLScience. August 12, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/circadian-rhythms-and-sleep-loss-what-happens-in-your-brain-when-you-pull-an-all-nighter/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. CETA Programs for Disadvantaged Adults: What Do We Know About Their Enrollees, Services, and Effectiveness. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Spindel SA. Evaluation of Optical Sensor Platforms for Multiplexed Detection of Proteins. Doctoral dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. In Hearing, Puerto Rico Faces Scope Of Its Woes. New York Times. May 18, 2017:B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	J. Orthop.
ISSN (print)	0972-978X
Scope