How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

McCabe H. Post-cold war needs “new forms of scientific linkage.” Nature. 2000;404(6773):8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Flint J, Munafò M. Genetics. Herit-ability. Science. 2013;340(6139):1416-1417.

A journal article with 3 authors

Grenier MB, McDonald DB, Buskirk SW. Rapid population growth of a critically endangered carnivore. Science. 2007;317(5839):779.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Cook AG, Fukuhara N, Jinek M, Conti E. Structures of the tRNA export factor in the nuclear and cytosolic states. Nature. 2009;461(7260):60-65.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Woolson RF, Clarke WR. Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Biomedical Data: Woolson/Statistical. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2002.

An edited book

Bonchev D, Rouvray DH, eds. Complexity in Chemistry, Biology, and Ecology. Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Yingchoncharoen T. Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease. In: Desai M, Jellis C, Yingchoncharoen T, eds. An Atlas of Mitral Valve Imaging. Springer; 2015:69-87.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Fang J. Large Study Concludes Homeopathy Does Not Effectively Treat Any Health Condition. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Health Care: Benefits and Barriers to Automated Medical Records. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kerr AB. Exploring Relationship Awareness in Organizational Change Using the Strength Deployment Inventory. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burns A, Goodnough A. Democrats Focus On Bill’s Stance On Prior Illness. New York Times. May 6, 2017:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedics
Abbreviation	J. Orthop.
ISSN (print)	0972-978X
Scope