How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ramirez AP. Geometric frustration: Magic moments. Nature. 2003;421:483.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bengtson S, Budd G. Comment on “Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian.” Science. 2004;306:1291; author reply 1291.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gu C, Jan YN, Jan LY. A conserved domain in axonal targeting of Kv1 (Shaker) voltage-gated potassium channels. Science. 2003;301:646–649.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Thompson JB, Kindt JH, Drake B, et al. Bone indentation recovery time correlates with bond reforming time. Nature. 2001;414:773–776.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cooke RM, Nieboer D, Misiewicz J. Fat-Tailed Distributions: Volume 1. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014.

An edited book

Shaikh FK, Chowdhry BS, Zeadally S, et al., eds. Communication Technologies, Information Security and Sustainable Development: Third International Multi-topic Conference, IMTIC 2013, Jamshoro, Pakistan, December 18--20, 2013, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Cursiefen C, Bock F. Antiangiogenic Treatment Options in the Cornea. In: Reinhard T, Larkin F, eds. Corneal Disease: Recent Developments in Diagnosis and Therapy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013:71–90.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma.

Blog post

Andrew D. Vitamin D May Protect Against Severe Asthma Attacks And Hospitalisation [IFLScience]. September 6, 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/vitamin-d-may-protect-against-severe-asthma-attacks-and-hospitalisation/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Request for Information Concerning Space Transportation System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lima AA. Racial and cultural identity formation of low-income Brazilian youth of African descent through their experiences and perceptions in formal and informal schools. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L. School Chief, Never Accused, Quits After Scandal. New York Times. 2006:LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
Abbreviation	J. Orthop. Trauma
ISSN (print)	0890-5339
ISSN (online)	1531-2291
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery