How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fairley WB. Outrageous events: don’t count them out. Science. 2000;290:715.

A journal article with 2 authors

Willis KJ, Birks HJB. What is natural? The need for a long-term perspective in biodiversity conservation. Science. 2006;314:1261–1265.

A journal article with 3 authors

Knigge C, Coe MJ, Podsiadlowski P. Two populations of X-ray pulsars produced by two types of supernova. Nature. 2011;479:372–375.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Niethammer P, Grabher C, Look AT, et al. A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish. Nature. 2009;459:996–999.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McCrary SA. Mastering Financial Accounting Essentials. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.

An edited book

Reitz JG. Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion: Potentials and Challenges of Diversity. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Chakraborty A, Konar A. Brain Imaging and Psycho-pathological Studies on Self-regulation of Emotion. In: Konar A, ed. Emotional Intelligence: A Cybernetic Approach. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009:93–132.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma.

Blog post

Hale T. Doctors Find 150 Worms Living Inside A Woman’s Stomach [IFLScience]. January 16, 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/doctors-find-150-worms-living-inside-a-woman-s-stomach/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Army Accounting Adjustments--Aviation Systems Command. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Beechey SN. The politics of deservingness: Discourses of gender, race, *class, and age in the 2005 Social Security debates. 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J. Of God and War. New York Times. 2017:BR6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
Abbreviation	J. Orthop. Trauma
ISSN (print)	0890-5339
ISSN (online)	1531-2291
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery