How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedic Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedic Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Baker M. 2011. Microscopy: Bright light, better labels. Nature 478(7367):137–142.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hauert C, Doebeli M. 2004. Spatial structure often inhibits the evolution of cooperation in the snowdrift game. Nature 428(6983):643–646.

A journal article with 3 authors

Muheim R, Phillips JB, Akesson S. 2006. Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbirds. Science 313(5788):837–839.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

McGuire AL, Cho MK, McGuire SE, Caulfield T. 2007. Medicine. The future of personal genomics. Science 317(5845):1687.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Langlois P. 2013. Simulation of Complex Systems in GIS. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Caforio G, editor. 2006. Handbook of the Sociology of the Military. Boston, MA: Springer US. X, 498 p p.

A chapter in an edited book

Antsaklis PJ, Michel AN. 2007. Controllability and Observability: Fundamental Results. In: Michel AN, editor. A Linear Systems Primer. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser. p 195–236.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedic Research.

Blog post

Carpineti A. 2015. Researchers Grow Mini-Kidneys In The Lab. IFLScience [cited 2018 Oct 30] Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/researchers-grow-mini-kidneys-lab/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2003. Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Castaneda Martinez NE. 2013. Implementation of the Parent Partner Project to improve reunification rates in Sonoma County: A grant proposal.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rosenberg M, Apuzzo M, Schmidt MS. 2017. Mueller Pursues Flynn Documents At White House. New York Times :A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedic Research
Abbreviation	J. Orthop. Res.
ISSN (print)	0736-0266
ISSN (online)	1554-527X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

Research and Writing Guides