How to format your references using the Journal of Orthopaedic Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Orthopaedic Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schmidt B. 2014. Perspective: if not funding then teaching. Nature 511(7510):S81.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dagan T, Martin W. 2009. Microbiology. Seeing green and red in diatom genomes. Science 324(5935):1651–1652.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hillenbrand R, Taubner T, Keilmann F. 2002. Phonon-enhanced light matter interaction at the nanometre scale. Nature 418(6894):159–162.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Zhang F, Zhang Y, Ding J, et al. 2014. Stable acetate production in extreme-thermophilic (70°C) mixed culture fermentation by selective enrichment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Sci. Rep. 4:5268.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Li F-C, Yu B, Wei J-J, Kawaguchi Y. 2011. Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.

An edited book

Werlen B, editor. 2015. Global Sustainability: Cultural Perspectives and Challenges for Transdisciplinary Integrated Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing. XV, 300 p. 48 illus p.

A chapter in an edited book

Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA. 2010. Orbitofacial Neurofibromatosis 1: Current Medical and Surgical Management. In: Guthoff RF, Katowitz JA, editors. Oculoplastics and Orbit: Aesthetic and Functional Oculofacial Plastic Problem-Solving in the 21st Century. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p 79–94.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Orthopaedic Research.

Blog post

Carpineti A. 2016. The Peer-Reviewed EmDrive Paper Is Officially Out. IFLScience [cited 2018 Oct 30] Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/the-peer-reviewed-emdrive-paper-is-officially-out/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1993. IRS Information Systems: Weaknesses Increase Risk of Fraud and Impair Reliability of Management Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Machula M. 2014. Understanding and Predicting Teachers’ Knowledge of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Isherwood C. 2017. A Puppet Musical Is Silly but Serious. New York Times :C6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Orthopaedic Research
Abbreviation	J. Orthop. Res.
ISSN (print)	0736-0266
ISSN (online)	1554-527X
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine