How to format your references using the Journal of Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chapman T. Drug discovery: the leading edge. Nature. 2004;430(6995):109-115.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wells JA, McClendon CL. Reaching for high-hanging fruit in drug discovery at protein-protein interfaces. Nature. 2007;450(7172):1001-1009.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hibbins AP, Evans BR, Sambles JR. Experimental verification of designer surface plasmons. Science. 2005;308(5722):670-672.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Saito K, Inagaki S, Mituyama T, et al. A regulatory circuit for piwi by the large Maf gene traffic jam in Drosophila. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1296-1299.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Moe TM, Chubb JE. Liberating Learning. Jossey-Bass; 2009.

An edited book

Ding J. Multivariate Public Key Cryptosystems. Vol 25. (Gower JE, Schmidt DS, eds.). Springer US; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Fiedler J, Heera V. Superconducting Gallium Implanted Germanium. In: Skorupa W, Schmidt H, eds. Subsecond Annealing of Advanced Materials: Annealing by Lasers, Flash Lamps and Swift Heavy Ions. Springer Series in Materials Science. Springer International Publishing; 2014:57-78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Optometry.

Blog post

Taub B. A New Species Of Massive Prehistoric Shark Has Been Discovered. IFLScience. Published October 4, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/new-species-massive-prehistoric-shark-discovered/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Financial Market Preparedness: Improvements Made, but More Action Needed to Prepare for Wide-Scale Disasters. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2004.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Coggin LL. Creating Discourses of Possibility: Storying between the Real and the Imagined to Negotiate Rural Lives in Two Elementary Classrooms. Doctoral dissertation. Indiana University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Anderson J. Is This the Best Education Money Can Buy? New York Times. May 2, 2013:MM46.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Optometry
Abbreviation	J. Optom.
ISSN (print)	1888-4296
Scope	Optometry