How to format your references using the Journal of Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Pandolfi JM. Ecology: Deep and complex ways to survive bleaching. Nature. 2015;518(7537):43-44.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kai T, Spradling A. Differentiating germ cells can revert into functional stem cells in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries. Nature. 2004;428(6982):564-569.

A journal article with 3 authors

Durniak KJ, Bailey S, Steitz TA. The structure of a transcribing T7 RNA polymerase in transition from initiation to elongation. Science. 2008;322(5901):553-557.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Azoulay P, Graff-Zivin J, Uzzi B, et al. Toward a more scientific science. Science. 2018;361(6408):1194-1197.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tagliani M. The Practical Guide to Wall Street. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Menon ME, Terkla DG, Gibbs P, eds. Using Data to Improve Higher Education: Research, Policy and Practice. SensePublishers; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Nielsen SH, Parsons S. A Generalization of Dung’s Abstract Framework for Argumentation: Arguing with Sets of Attacking Arguments. In: Maudet N, Parsons S, Rahwan I, eds. Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems: Third International Workshop, ArgMAS 2006 Hakodate, Japan, May 8, 2006 Revised Selected and Invited Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2007:54-73.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Optometry.

Blog post

Hamilton K. What Would Happen To Earth If All Humans Disappeared? IFLScience. January 31, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/what-would-happen-if-humans-disappeared-earth/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. School Facilities: Profiles of School Condition by State. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bai H. Cognitive Processes of Prioritization in Multitasking. Doctoral dissertation. Mississippi State University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B. What Did Chekhov Know? Quite a Lot. New York Times. September 13, 2016:AR24.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Optometry
Abbreviation	J. Optom.
ISSN (print)	1888-4296
Scope	Optometry