How to format your references using the Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marciano WJ: Particle physics: quarks are not ambidextrous. Nature 506:43–44, 2014

A journal article with 2 authors

Sáez AG, Lozano E: Body doubles. Nature 433:111, 2005

A journal article with 3 authors

Domnisoru C, Kinkhabwala AA, Tank DW: Membrane potential dynamics of grid cells. Nature 495:199–204, 2013

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Leaver M, Domínguez-Cuevas P, Coxhead JM, Daniel RA, Errington J: Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis. Nature 457:849–853, 2009

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bates J, Gallon C, Bocci M, Walker S, Taylor T: Converged Multimedia Networks. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006

An edited book

Cilliers P, Preiser R (eds): Complexity, Difference and Identity: An Ethical Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010

A chapter in an edited book

Mann BP: Broadband Energy Harvesting from a Bistable Potential Well, in Elvin N , Erturk A (eds): Advances in Energy Harvesting Methods. New York, NY: Springer, 2013, pp 91–115

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine.

Blog post

Andrew E: Laboratory-Grown Penises Ready To Be Tested In Humans. IFLScience:2014 Available: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/laboratory-grown-penises-ready-be-tested-humans/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Telephone Communications: Cost and Funding Information on Lifeline Telephone Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Klochko K: An empirical re-evaluation of the boron isotope/pH proxy in marine carbonates. 2009

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Jeffries MP: The Rage in Harlem, and Beyond. New York Times:BR18, 2017

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^2,4.
This sentence cites four references ^4,6–8.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine
Abbreviation	J. Neurosurg. Spine
ISSN (print)	1547-5654
ISSN (online)	1547-5646
Scope	General Medicine