How to format your references using the Journal of Foot and Ankle Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Scalapino DJ. Physics. This coincidence cannot be accidental. Science. 2008;319:1492–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Lotti M, Nicotera P. Toxicology: a risky business. Nature. 2002;416:481.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Schroder K, Zhou R, Tschopp J. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger? Science. 2010;327:296–300.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Boetius A, Ravenschlag K, Schubert CJ, Rickert D, Widdel F, Gieseke A, et al. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature. 2000;407:623–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Tardu S. Statistical Approach to Wall Turbulence. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2011.

An edited book

1. Sghirlanzoni A, Lauria G, Chiapparini L, editors. Prognosis of Neurological Diseases. 1st ed. 2015. Milano: Springer; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Jones C. The New Shape of the Student. In: Huang R, Kinshuk, Spector JM, editors. Reshaping Learning: Frontiers of Learning Technology in a Global Context. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 91–112.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. Why Sad Songs Say So Much (To Some People, But Not Others) [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/why-sad-songs-say-so-much-to-some-people-but-not-others/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Close Air Support: Comparison of Air Force and Marine Corps Requirements and Aircraft. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989 Sep. Report No.: NSIAD-89-218.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Meyertholen AN. Blurring the lines: The invention of abstract in German literature since 1800 [Doctoral dissertation]. [Bloomington, IN]: Indiana University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kelly S. CHILDREN’S BOOKS. New York Times. 1993 Jan 24;717.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
Abbreviation	J. Foot Ankle Res.
ISSN (online)	1757-1146
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine