How to format your references using the Journal of Biomedical Optics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Biomedical Optics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

G. M. Whitesides, “The origins and the future of microfluidics,” Nature 442(7101), 368–373 (2006).

A journal article with 2 authors

M. B. Baker and T. Peter, “Small-scale cloud processes and climate,” Nature 451(7176), 299–300 (2008).

A journal article with 3 authors

P. F. Damasceno, M. Engel, and S. C. Glotzer, “Predictive self-assembly of polyhedra into complex structures,” Science 337(6093), 453–457 (2012).

A journal article with 4 or more authors

X. Lu et al., “PTK7/CCK-4 is a novel regulator of planar cell polarity in vertebrates,” Nature 430(6995), 93–98 (2004).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

C. Casandjian et al., Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA (2013).

An edited book

M. Hazas, J. Krumm, and T. Strang, Eds., Location- and Context-Awareness: Second International Workshop, LoCA 2006, Dublin, Ireland, May 10-11, 2006. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2006).

A chapter in an edited book

H. M. Roushdy, “Higher Risk of Health Problems for Radio-Contaminated Food Consumption by Human Population Suffering Protein-Calorie Malnutrition and Environmental Chemical Pollution,” in Advances in Food Protection: Focus on Food Safety and Defense, M. Hefnawy, Ed., pp. 57–72, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (2011).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Biomedical Optics.

Blog post

T. Hale, “Watch Two Black Mambas Get Into A Twisting Fight For Dominance,” IFLScience, 25 May 2016, <https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/two-black-mambas-get-corkscrewing-fight-dominance-0/> (accessed 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, “Comments on Use of Funds from Vending Machines,” B-120257, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1954).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

W. Stevens, “Using emotional intelligence as a leadership strategy to make good leaders great,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix (2010).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

B. Sisario and W. K. Rashbaum, “Entrepreneur Behind Fyre Festival Is Arrested on Charges of Federal Wire Fraud,” in New York Times, p. A16 (2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Biomedical Optics
Abbreviation	J. Biomed. Opt.
ISSN (print)	1083-3668
ISSN (online)	1560-2281
Scope	Biomedical Engineering Biomaterials Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics