How to format your references using the Journal of Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Graddol, D., 2004. The future of language. Science 303, 1329–1331.

A journal article with 2 authors

Topisirovic, I., Sonenberg, N., 2010. Cell biology. Burn out or fade away? Science 327, 1210–1211.

A journal article with 3 authors

Totan, Y., Güler, E., Dervişoğulları, M.S., 2014. Brilliant Blue G assisted epiretinal membrane surgery. Sci. Rep. 4, 3956.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Xu, W., Li, X., Cao, J., Zhang, Hongzhang, Zhang, Huamin, 2014. Membranes with well-defined ions transport channels fabricated via solvent-responsive layer-by-layer assembly method for vanadium flow battery. Sci. Rep. 4, 4016.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Costa, F., Gautier, C., Labouré, E., Revol, B., 2013. Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Leonard, A., 2012. SQL Server 2012 Integration Services Design Patterns. Apress, Berkeley, CA.

A chapter in an edited book

Balmer, A.S., Bulpin, K., Molyneux-Hodgson, S., 2016. Enacting Ontologies, Failure and Time, in: Bulpin, K., Molyneux-Hodgson, S. (Eds.), Synthetic Biology: A Sociology of Changing Practices. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp. 151–190.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Biomechanics.

Blog post

Luntz, S., 2015. New Method Proposed to Find Life on Other Planets [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/new-method-proposed-find-life-other-planets/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1999. Federal Research Grants: Compensation Paid to Graduate Students at the University of California (No. OSI-99-8). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tang, J., 2013. Understanding the college experiences of Cambodian American students (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt, L.F., 2006. The Legacies They Left. New York Times 14LI6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Graddol, 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Graddol, 2004; Topisirovic and Sonenberg, 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Topisirovic and Sonenberg, 2010)
Three or more authors: (Xu et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Biomechanics
Abbreviation	J. Biomech.
ISSN (print)	0021-9290
Scope	Biophysics Biomedical Engineering Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Rehabilitation