How to format your references using the Journal of Biomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Biomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Armbrust, E.V., 2009. The life of diatoms in the world’s oceans. Nature 459, 185–192.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hopkins, R., Rausher, M.D., 2011. Identification of two genes causing reinforcement in the Texas wildflower Phlox drummondii. Nature 469, 411–414.

A journal article with 3 authors

Takeuchi, H., Nakatsuji, N., Suemori, H., 2014. Endodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to insulin-producing cells in 3D culture. Sci. Rep. 4, 4488.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ye, J., He, W., Wu, Q., Liu, H.-L., Zhang, X.-Q., Chen, Z.-Y., Cheng, Z.-H., 2013. Determination of magnetic anisotropy constants in Fe ultrathin film on vicinal Si(111) by anisotropic magnetoresistance. Sci. Rep. 3, 2148.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Garduno Barrera, D., Diaz, M., 2011. Communicating Systems with UML 2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Navratil, G. (Ed.), 2009. Research Trends in Geographic Information Science, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Wolff, K.E., 2011. Applications of Temporal Conceptual Semantic Systems, in: Wolff, K.E., Palchunov, D.E., Zagoruiko, N.G., Andelfinger, U. (Eds.), Knowledge Processing and Data Analysis: First International Conference, KONT 2007, Novosibirsk, Russia, September 14-16, 2007 and First International Conference, KPP 2007,Darmstadt, Germany, September 28-30, 2007. Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 59–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Biomechanics.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014. Amazing Photos Of The Supermoon Taken From Space [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/amazing-photos-supermoon-taken-space/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1989. Vocational Education: Opportunity to Prepare for the Future (No. HRD-89-55). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Brown, J.D., 2012. Disparity in healthcare among Black Americans in the United States, a review of the literature (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ferré-Sadurní, L., 2017. 18 Shuttered Catholic Churches May Soon Be Up for Sale. New York Times A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Armbrust, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Armbrust, 2009; Hopkins and Rausher, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hopkins and Rausher, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Ye et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Biomechanics
Abbreviation	J. Biomech.
ISSN (print)	0021-9290
Scope	Biophysics Biomedical Engineering Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Rehabilitation