How to format your references using the Journal of African Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Betz, A.G., 2010. Immunology. Have you seen your mother, baby. Science 330, 1635–1636.

A journal article with 2 authors

Shi, F., Lemmon, M.A., 2011. Biochemistry. KSR plays CRAF-ty. Science 332, 1043–1044.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ekström, G., Nettles, M., Abers, G.A., 2003. Glacial earthquakes. Science 302, 622–624.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Knipscheer, P., Räschle, M., Smogorzewska, A., Enoiu, M., Ho, T.V., Schärer, O.D., Elledge, S.J., Walter, J.C., 2009. The Fanconi anemia pathway promotes replication-dependent DNA interstrand cross-link repair. Science 326, 1698–1701.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zinkin, J., 2013. Rebuilding Trust in Banks. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Kudo, T., 2016. Practical Pharmacology for Alzheimer’s Disease, 1st ed. 2016. ed. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Dillane, D., Tsui, B.C.H., 2015. Use of Nerve Stimulation and Stimulating Catheters in the Ultrasound Era, in: Peng, P. (Ed.), Regional Nerve Blocks in Anesthesia and Pain Therapy: Traditional and Ultrasound-Guided Techniques. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 57–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Hamilton, K., 2016. Construction Workers Unearthed Something Very Unexpected While Digging A Hole [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/construction-workers-unearthed-something-very-unexpected-while-digging-a-hole/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2009. Aviation Security: TSA Has Completed Key Activities Associated with Implementing Secure Flight, but Additional Actions Are Needed to Mitigate Risks (No. GAO-09-292). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McCorvey, Z.J., 2013. Addressing disruptive behaviors in an After School Program classroom: The effects of the Daily Behavior Report Card (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Lambert, K., 2013. Santa on the Brain. New York Times SR8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Betz, 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Betz, 2010; Shi and Lemmon, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Shi and Lemmon, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Knipscheer et al., 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Earth Sci.
ISSN (print)	1464-343X
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geology

Research and Writing Guides