How to format your references using the Journal of African Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Raven, K., 2013. How sexual harassment changed the way I work. Nature 504, 9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Matthews, P.G.D., Seymour, R.S., 2006. Diving insects boost their buoyancy bubbles. Nature 441, 171.

A journal article with 3 authors

Young, I.R., Zieger, S., Babanin, A.V., 2011. Global trends in wind speed and wave height. Science 332, 451–455.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Aerts, C., Thoul, A., Daszynska, J., Scuflaire, R., Waelkens, C., Dupret, M.A., Niemczura, E., Noels, A., 2003. Asteroseismology of HD 129929: core overshooting and nonrigid rotation. Science 300, 1926–1928.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lloret, J., Shulman, G., Love, R.M., 2013. Condition and Health Indicators of Exploited Marine Fishes. John Wiley & Sons, Oxford.

An edited book

Laron, Z., Kopchick, J. (Eds.), 2011. Laron Syndrome - From Man to Mouse: Lessons from Clinical and Experimental Experience. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Chan, Y.-K., 2009. Breeding Papaya (Carica papaya L.), in: Jain, S.M., Priyadarshan, P.M. (Eds.), Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 121–159.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Andrews, R., 2017. Our Gut Microbes Influence How We Respond To Fear [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/gut-microbes-influence-respond-fear/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1971. Influence Of Public Affairs Organizations On Information And Advertising Programs (No. B-161939). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sitterding, M.C., 2014. Situation awareness and the selection of interruption handling strategies during the medication administration process: A qualitative study (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky, S., 2007. Collective Farmers’ Monuments Meet Paintball. New York Times 511.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Raven, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Matthews and Seymour, 2006; Raven, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Matthews and Seymour, 2006)
Three or more authors: (Aerts et al., 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Earth Sci.
ISSN (print)	1464-343X
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geology