How to format your references using the Journal of African Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of African Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Glazebrook, K., 2009. Galaxy formation: Too small to ignore. Nature 460, 694–695.

A journal article with 2 authors

Diamond, A., Lee, K., 2011. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 333, 959–964.

A journal article with 3 authors

Menz, M.H.M., Dixon, K.W., Hobbs, R.J., 2013. Ecology. Hurdles and opportunities for landscape-scale restoration. Science 339, 526–527.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Huang, Y.-A., Kao, C.-W., Liu, K.-K., Huang, H.-S., Chiang, M.-H., Soo, C.-R., Chang, H.-C., Chiu, T.-W., Chao, J.-I., Hwang, E., 2014. The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis. Sci. Rep. 4, 6919.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Henriksen, R.N., 2015. Scale Invariance. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Mantovani, F., Kus, A. (Eds.), 2005. The Role of VLBI in Astrophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy, NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Ding, N., Gu, D., 2011. Precise Time and Space Simulatable Zero-Knowledge, in: Boyen, X., Chen, X. (Eds.), Provable Security: 5th International Conference, ProvSec 2011, Xi’an, China, October 16-18, 2011. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 16–33.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of African Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2014. Oldest Human Genome Sequenced Reveals Neanderthal Mixing [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/oldest-human-genome-sequenced-reveals-neanderthal-mixing/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1976. FEA Procurement of Automatic Data Processing Services (No. B-178205.52). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Atchley, D., 2009. Interventions, perceptions of accommodations, and motivating factors impacting the achievement and successful mainstreaming transition of English language learners (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Antilla, S., 2014. Fighting the Old Boys’ Club. New York Times B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Glazebrook, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Diamond and Lee, 2011; Glazebrook, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Diamond and Lee, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Huang et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of African Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	J. Afr. Earth Sci.
ISSN (print)	1464-343X
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geology