How to format your references using the JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) (JAAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cyranoski D. Retracted paper rattles Korean science. Nature. 2009;458(7238):561.

A journal article with 2 authors

Yuan F, Huang L. Brittle to ductile transition in densified silica glass. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5035.

A journal article with 3 authors

Martignoli S, Gomez F, Stoop R. Pitch sensation involves stochastic resonance. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2676.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project. Nature. 2007;449(7164):804-810.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tikhomirov VV. Hydrogeochemistry Fundamentals and Advances. John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Seeberg ML, Goździak EM, eds. Contested Childhoods: Growing up in Migrancy: Migration, Governance, Identities. Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Pawlowski S, Crespo J, Velizarov S. Sustainable Power Generation from Salinity Gradient Energy by Reverse Electrodialysis. In: Ribeiro AB, Mateus EP, Couto N, eds. Electrokinetics Across Disciplines and Continents: New Strategies for Sustainable Development. Springer International Publishing; 2016:57-80.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants).

Blog post

Hamilton K. Placebos Work Even When Patients Know What They Are. IFLScience. May 5, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/placebos-work-even-when-patients-know-what-they-are/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Airline Scheduling: Airline Practices in Establishing and Maintaining Connecting Times. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Shafran RF. Leading Organizational Change: A Phenomenological Study of the Nonlinear Strategies Used by Female Leaders in Global Companies. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Forsythe M. Billionaire Critic of China Requests Asylum in U.S. New York Times. September 7, 2017:A4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants)
Abbreviation	JAAPA
ISSN (print)	1547-1896
ISSN (online)	0893-7400
Scope	Nurse Assisting