How to format your references using the JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) (JAAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

PaperpileThe citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNoteFind the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and othersThe style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeXBibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author
1.
Campbell P. Declaration of financial interests. Nature. 2001;412(6849):751.
A journal article with 2 authors
1.
Liberman N, Trope Y. The psychology of transcending the here and now. Science. 2008;322(5905):1201-1205.
A journal article with 3 authors
1.
Rappuoli R, Miller HI, Falkow S. Medicine. The intangible value of vaccination. Science. 2002;297(5583):937-939.
A journal article with 7 or more authors
1.
Ling K, Doughman RL, Firestone AJ, Bunce MW, Anderson RA. Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase targets and regulates focal adhesions. Nature. 2002;420(6911):89-93.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book
1.
Goldberger AL, Goldberger ZD. Becoming a Consummate Clinician. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.
An edited book
1.
Zhou Z, Wang Z, Lin L, eds. Microsystems and Nanotechnology. Springer; 2012.
A chapter in an edited book
1.
Bluemke I, Stepień A. Selection of Metrics for the Defect Prediction. In: Zamojski W, Mazurkiewicz J, Sugier J, Walkowiak T, Kacprzyk J, eds. Dependability Engineering and Complex Systems: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Dependability and Complex Systems DepCoS-RELCOMEX. June 27–July 1, 2016, Brunów, Poland. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing; 2016:39-50.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants).

Blog post
1.
Taub B. Spiders Can Hear You From Several Meters Away – Even Without Any Ears. IFLScience. Published October 14, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/spiders-can-hear-you-several-meters-away-even-without-any-ears/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report
1.
Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: 9/11 Anniversary Observations on TSA’s Progress and Challenges in Strengthening Aviation Security. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2012.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation
1.
Mcfarlane N. Information Power Efficiency Tradeoffs in Mixed Signal CMOS Circuits. Doctoral dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article
1.
St. John Kelly E. With Historic Brownstone Gone, Is Development at Hand? New York Times. November 9, 1997:1410.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference 1.
This sentence cites two references 1,2.
This sentence cites four references 1–4.

About the journal

Full journal titleJAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants)
AbbreviationJAAPA
ISSN (print)1547-1896
ISSN (online)0893-7400
ScopeNurse Assisting

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