How to format your references using the JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) (JAAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rosenberg AA. Fishing for certainty. Nature. 2007;449(7165):989.

A journal article with 2 authors

Schmitz L, Motani R. Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology. Science. 2011;332(6030):705-708.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sharp PM, Rayner JC, Hahn BH. Evolution. Great apes and zoonoses. Science. 2013;340(6130):284-286.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Jiao L, Zhang L, Wang X, Diankov G, Dai H. Narrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes. Nature. 2009;458(7240):877-880.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Xiong K. Resource Optimization and Security for Cloud Services. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

Wagg DJ, Virgin L, eds. Exploiting Nonlinear Behavior in Structural Dynamics. Vol 536. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Schallmoser K, Etchart N, Strunk D, Rohde E. Animal Protein–Free Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells. In: Allan DS, Strunk D, eds. Regenerative Therapy Using Blood-Derived Stem Cells. Humana Press; 2012:53-69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants).

Blog post

Taub B. Long-Term Cannabis Use May Make You Age Faster. IFLScience. November 15, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/longterm-cannabis-use-may-make-you-age-faster/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. School Meal Programs: More Systematic Development of Specifications Could Improve the Safety of Foods Purchased through USDA’s Commodity Program. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lowrance TL. Exploring the Four Modes of Organizational Forgetting in an Organization Post Acquisition. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J. Yankees Ride Out Chapman’s Latest Turbulence and Rebuff the Mets Again. New York Times. August 16, 2017:B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants)
Abbreviation	JAAPA
ISSN (print)	1547-1896
ISSN (online)	0893-7400
Scope	Nurse Assisting