How to format your references using the JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) (JAAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fenchel T. Microbial behavior in a heterogeneous world. Science. 2002;296(5570):1068-1071.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kelley DH, Ouellette NT. Emergent dynamics of laboratory insect swarms. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1073.

A journal article with 3 authors

Veríssimo A, Cochrane MA, Souza C Jr. Ecology. National forests in the Amazon. Science. 2002;297(5586):1478.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chandrashekar J, Yarmolinsky D, von Buchholtz L, et al. The taste of carbonation. Science. 2009;326(5951):443-445.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hezaveh A. SAS® 9 Study Guide. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007.

An edited book

Dogra VS, MacLennan GT, eds. Genitourinary Radiology: Male Genital Tract, Adrenal and Retroperitoneum: The Pathologic Basis. Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Purwaningrum F. Shifting Practices of Academia as an Entrepreneurial OrganizationEntrepreneurial Organization in Indonesia. In: Krings BJ, Rodríguez H, Schleisiek A, eds. Scientific Knowledge and the Transgression of Boundaries. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden; 2016:103-132.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants).

Blog post

Andrew E. Frances Kelsey, Doctor Who Saved The U.S. From Thalidomide, Dies At 101. IFLScience. August 10, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/frances-kelsey-who-saved-us-thalidomide-dies-101/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Cable Television and a Regulatory Policy. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1976.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jurica ML. Napping in the Workplace as an Invisible Stigma: The Moderating Roles of Raters’ Nap Habit, Work Ethic, and Organizational Policy. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M. THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Democrats; Clinton’s Camp Says It Is Wary Of Perot Inroads. New York Times. October 22, 1992:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants)
Abbreviation	JAAPA
ISSN (print)	1547-1896
ISSN (online)	0893-7400
Scope	Nurse Assisting