How to format your references using the JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants) (JAAPA). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Tobias JA. Biodiversity: Hidden impacts of logging. Nature. 2015;523(7559):163-164.

A journal article with 2 authors

Barkman T, Zhang J. Evidence for escape from adaptive conflict? Nature. 2009;462(7274):E1; discussion E2-3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li ZZ, Zhang FC, Wang QH. Majorana modes in a topological insulator/s-wave superconductor heterostructure. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6363.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zha S, Guo C, Boboila C, et al. ATM damage response and XLF repair factor are functionally redundant in joining DNA breaks. Nature. 2011;469(7329):250-254.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Grimble MJ. Robust Industrial Control Systems. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Sivaperuman C, eds. Ecology of Faunal Communities on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Wyche KP, Whyte C, Blake RS, et al. Atmospheric Monitoring With Chemical Ionisation Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (CIR-TOF-MS) and Future Developments: Hadamard Transform Mass Spectrometry. In: Kim YJ, Platt U, eds. Advanced Environmental Monitoring. Springer Netherlands; 2008:64-76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants).

Blog post

Luntz S. What Causes These “Sailing Stones” To Move? IFLScience. May 22, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/new-look-sailing-stones/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Intelligent Transportation Systems: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technologies Expected to Offer Benefits, but Deployment Challenges Exist. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tarar WA. A New Finite Element Procedure for Fatigue Life Predictionand High Strain Rate Assessment of Cold Worked Advanced High Strength Steel. Doctoral dissertation. Ohio State University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. A Low-Key Birthday for Putin: Just 450 Roses. New York Times. October 8, 2016:A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	JAAPA (Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants)
Abbreviation	JAAPA
ISSN (print)	1547-1896
ISSN (online)	0893-7400
Scope	Nurse Assisting