How to format your references using the International Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Karoly DJ. Atmospheric science. Ozone and climate change. Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):236–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

McNamara AK, Zhong S. Thermochemical structures beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean. Nature. 2005 Oct 20;437(7062):1136–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Grosenick L, Clement TS, Fernald RD. Fish can infer social rank by observation alone. Nature. 2007 Jan 25;445(7126):429–32.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hu K, Ji L, Applegate KT, Danuser G, Waterman-Storer CM. Differential transmission of actin motion within focal adhesions. Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):111–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Monino JL, Sedkaoui S. Big Data, Open Data and Data Development. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Söderhäll K, editor. Invertebrate Immunity. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2010. XXIV, 316 p. (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; vol. 708).

A chapter in an edited book

Rouan D. Ablation. In: Gargaud M, Amils R, Quintanilla JC, Cleaves HJ (jim), Irvine WM, Pinti DL, et al., editors. Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 3–3.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. Soft Robot Keeps Moving, Even After Getting Run Over By A Car [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/untethered-soft-robot-keeps-moving-even-after-getting-run-over-car/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Drug Control: Status Report on Counterdrug Technology Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993 Jan. Report No.: NSIAD-93-104.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zurheide PK. Hydromorphology of anomalous bright loamy soils on the mid-Atlantic coastal plain [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J. Disappearing Act: The Art and Fraud of Faking Your Own Death. New York Times. 2016 Aug 8;C4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Surgery
Abbreviation	Int. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0020-8868
Scope	Surgery