How to format your references using the International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

K.S. McCann, The diversity-stability debate, Nature 405 (2000) 228–233.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

S.-R. Tzeng, C.G. Kalodimos, Dynamic activation of an allosteric regulatory protein, Nature 462 (2009) 368–372.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

R.W. Howarth, A. Ingraffea, T. Engelder, Natural gas: Should fracking stop?, Nature 477 (2011) 271–275.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D.T. Ting, D. Lipson, S. Paul, B.W. Brannigan, S. Akhavanfard, E.J. Coffman, G. Contino, V. Deshpande, A.J. Iafrate, S. Letovsky, M.N. Rivera, N. Bardeesy, S. Maheswaran, D.A. Haber, Aberrant overexpression of satellite repeats in pancreatic and other epithelial cancers, Science 331 (2011) 593–596.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

E.J. Stavetski, Managing Hedge Fund Managers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2009.

An edited book

[1]

J. Klapp, J.L. Cervantes-Cota, J.F. Chávez Alcalá, eds., Towards a Cleaner Planet: Energy for the Future, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

K. Nowicki, A. Malinowski, M. Sikorski, More Just Measure of Fairness for Sharing Network Resources, in: P. Gaj, A. Kwiecień, P. Stera (Eds.), Computer Networks: 23rd International Conference, CN 2016, Brunów, Poland, June 14-17, 2016, Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016: pp. 52–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials.

Blog post

[1]

A. Carpineti, New Battery Promises More Power In Half The Size, IFLScience (2016). https://www.iflscience.com/technology/new-battery-promises-more-power-in-half-the-size/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Air Traffic Control: FAA Uses Earned Value Techniques to Help Manage Information Technology Acquisitions, but Needs to Clarify Policy and Strengthen Oversight, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

V. Perez, Overrepresentation of American Indian youth in foster care: A grant proposal, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. Wagner, Baseball; Mets’ Wright Has Another Operation, New York Times (2017) B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
Abbreviation	Int. J. Refract. Hard Met.
ISSN (print)	0263-4368
Scope	Metals and Alloys