How to format your references using the International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. Bystricky, Geophysics. Mantle flow revisited, Science 301 (2003) 1190–1191.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

C. Shi, C.T. Murphy, Mating induces shrinking and death in Caenorhabditis mothers, Science 343 (2014) 536–540.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

J. Berkhout, B. Teusink, F.J. Bruggeman, Gene network requirements for regulation of metabolic gene expression to a desired state, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1417.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D.S. Chelur, G.G. Ernstrom, M.B. Goodman, C.A. Yao, L. Chen, R. O’ Hagan, M. Chalfie, The mechanosensory protein MEC-6 is a subunit of the C. elegans touch-cell degenerin channel, Nature 420 (2002) 669–673.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

K. Hinkelmann, O. Kempthorne, Design and Analysis of Experiments: Advanced Experimental Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2005.

An edited book

[1]

V. Pasetta, Modeling Foundations of Economic Property Rights Theory: An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Agreements, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

A.J.L. Macario, E. Conway de Macario, F. Cappello, Other Genetic Chaperonopathies, in: E. Conway de Macario, F. Cappello (Eds.), The Chaperonopathies: Diseases with Defective Molecular Chaperones, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2013: pp. 63–69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials.

Blog post

[1]

A. Carpineti, The Vaccine Safety Challenge Is Beyond Stupid, IFLScience (2017). https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/the-vaccine-safety-challenge-is-beyond-stupid/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Technology Transfer: Federal Laboratory Consortium Should Increase Communication with Potential Customers to Improve Initiatives, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

M.R. Lowden, Genesis of end-to-end chromosome fusions, Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

K. Crow, Giving an Unexpected Twist to “Keep Off the Grass,” New York Times (2001) 148.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
Abbreviation	Int. J. Refract. Hard Met.
ISSN (print)	0263-4368
Scope	Metals and Alloys