How to format your references using the International Journal of Lifelong Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Lifelong Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Abbott, A. (2001). Concern raised for missing biologist. Nature, 414(6863), 475.

A journal article with 2 authors

Morris, R. G. M., & Takeuchi, T. (2012). Neuroscience. The imaginary mind of a mouse. Science (New York, N.Y.), 335(6075), 1455–1456.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ballester, G. E., Sing, D. K., & Herbert, F. (2007). The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b. Nature, 445(7127), 511–514.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Misra, S., Kumar, A., Ratnasekhar, C., Sharma, V., Mudiam, M. K. R., & Ravi Ram, K. (2014). Exposure to endosulfan influences sperm competition in Drosophila melanogaster. Scientific Reports, 4, 7433.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lehto, J., & Hou, X. (2010). Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Luenberger, D. G. (2016). Linear and Nonlinear Programming (Y. Ye, Ed.; 4th ed. 2016, Vol. 228). Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Li, J., Zhu, W., Zhou, M., & Wang, H. (2011). Power Mean Based Crossover Rate Adaptive Differential Evolution. In H. Deng, D. Miao, J. Lei, & F. L. Wang (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence: Third International Conference, AICI 2011, Taiyuan, China, September 24-25, 2011, Proceedings, Part II (pp. 34–41). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Lifelong Education.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, August 10). Butterfly Populations Could Be Headed For Widespread Collapse. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/uk-butterfly-populations-could-be-headed-widespread-collapse/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1989). P.L. 480 Title I Transportation Issues (T-NSIAD-90-8). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lowrance, T. L. (2017). Exploring the Four Modes of Organizational Forgetting in an Organization Post Acquisition [Doctoral dissertation]. George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Oestreich, J. R. (2016, October 28). A Firm Grip Brandished During a Low-Key Debut. New York Times, C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Abbott, 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Abbott, 2001; Morris & Takeuchi, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Morris & Takeuchi, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Misra et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Lifelong Education
Abbreviation	Int. J. Lifelong Educ.
ISSN (print)	0260-1370
ISSN (online)	1464-519X
Scope	Education Life-span and Life-course Studies