How to format your references using the International Journal of Fracture citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Fracture. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Florig HK (2002) Public health. Is safe mail worth the price? Science 295:1467–1468

A journal article with 2 authors

Briffa KR, Osborn TJ (2002) Paleoclimate. Blowing hot and cold. Science 295:2227–2228

A journal article with 3 authors

Sagy A, Reches Z, Fineberg J (2002) Dynamic fracture by large extraterrestrial impacts as the origin of shatter cones. Nature 418:310–313

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Khare G, Reddy PV, Sidhwani P, Tyagi AK (2013) KefB inhibits phagosomal acidification but its role is unrelated to M. tuberculosis survival in host. Sci Rep 3:3527

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Minoli D (2012) Mobile Video with Mobile IPv6. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Lämmel R, Saraiva J, Visser J (eds) (2013) Generative and Transformational Techniques in Software Engineering IV: International Summer School, GTTSE 2011, Braga, Portugal, July 3-9, 2011. Revised Papers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Jensen MH, Krishna S, Sneppen K, Tiana G (2008) Dynamical Genetic Regulation. In: Skjeltorp AT, Belushkin AV (eds) Evolution from Cellular to Social Scales. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 61–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Fracture.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Smart Suit Purifies Air To Make It More Breathable. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/smart-fashion-purifies-air-make-it-more-breathable/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1998) FCC: Implementation of Competitive Bidding for Commercial Broadcast and Instructional Television Fixed Service Licenses. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Reyes-Rodriguez GJ (2013) Nucleophilic additions to a para-benzyne derived from an enediyne: Exploring the non-radical reactivity of a diradical. Doctoral dissertation, University of California San Diego

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodara S (2015) Contrasting Art and Creating Dialogue. New York Times CT10

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Florig 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Florig 2002; Briffa and Osborn 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Briffa and Osborn 2002)
Three or more authors: (Khare et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Fracture
Abbreviation	Int. J. Fract.
ISSN (print)	0376-9429
ISSN (online)	1573-2673
Scope	Computational Mechanics Mechanics of Materials Modelling and Simulation