How to format your references using the International Journal of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gogotsi Y. Materials science: Energy storage wrapped up. Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):568–570.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jacak BV, Müller B. The exploration of hot nuclear matter. Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):310–314.

A journal article with 3 authors

Meier P, Finch A, Evan G. Apoptosis in development. Nature. 2000 Oct 12;407(6805):796–801.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zaslavskaia LA, Lippmeier JC, Shih C, Ehrhardt D, Grossman AR, Apt KE. Trophic conversion of an obligate photoautotrophic organism through metabolic engineering. Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2073–2075.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kazimierczuk M. High-Frequency Magnetic Components. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013.

An edited book

Gheyi R, Naumann D, editors. Formal Methods: Foundations and Applications: 15th Brazilian Symposium, SBMF 2012, Natal, Brazil, September 23-28, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Nourbakhsh SA, Jaumotte BA, Hirsch C, Parizi HB. Axial and Radial Thrusts. In: Nourbakhsh SA, Jaumotte BA, Hirsch C, Parizi HB, editors. Turbopumps and Pumping Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p. 51–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Epidemiology.

Blog post

Luntz S. The Universe Isn’t Accelerating As Fast As We Thought [Internet]. IFLScience IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/supernova-division-rewrites-universes-acceleration/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Improving Federal Performance in the Information Age Issue Area Plan: Fiscal Years 1996-98. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996 Jun. Report No.: IAP-96-8.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Reyes J. Connections: A grant proposal for mothers struggling with substance abuse in the child welfare system [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Zecher LK. The Path to Publishing. New York Times. 2013 Jan 13;BU8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
Scope	General Medicine Epidemiology

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