How to format your references using the International Journal of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Pielke RA Jr. Meteorology: are there trends in hurricane destruction? Nature. 2005 Dec 22;438(7071):E11; discussion E13.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lee DH, Gupta JA. Tunable field control over the binding energy of single dopants by a charged vacancy in GaAs. Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1807–1810.

A journal article with 3 authors

Grevemeyer I, Herber R, Essen HH. Microseismological evidence for a changing wave climate in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Nature. 2000 Nov 16;408(6810):349–352.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hÿtch M, Houdellier F, Hüe F, Snoeck E. Nanoscale holographic interferometry for strain measurements in electronic devices. Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1086–1089.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sestina JE. Planning a Successful Future. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2016.

An edited book

Rattan SIS, Kassem M, editors. Prevention and Treatment of Age-related Diseases. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Coscia P, Palmieri FAN, Castaldo F, Cavallo A. 3-D Hand Pose Estimation from Kinect’s Point Cloud Using Appearance Matching. In: Bassis S, Esposito A, Morabito FC, Pasero E, editors. Advances in Neural Networks: Computational Intelligence for ICT. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 37–45.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Epidemiology.

Blog post

Hale T. Washing Your Clothes Can Release Up To 700,000 Microplastic Particles Into The Environment [Internet]. IFLScience IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/washing-your-clothes-can-release-up-to-700000-microplastic-particles-into-the-environment/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. No Child Left Behind Act: Improvements Needed in Education’s Process for Tracking States’ Implementation of Key Provisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2004 Sep. Report No.: GAO-04-734.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Villanueva R. Issues of performance practice: The influence of Franz Strauss upon Richard Strauss’s Horn Concerto No. 1 [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. A Homecoming for Balanchine; City Ballet Shows St. Petersburg That a Master’s Art Is Still Alive. New York Times. 2003 Aug 5;E1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
Scope	General Medicine Epidemiology