How to format your references using the International Journal of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cohen P. How to make diplomats scientifically literate. Nature. 2000 May 11;405(6783):116.

A journal article with 2 authors

Noble F le, Noble J le. Bone biology: Vessels of rejuvenation. Nature. 2014 Mar 20;507(7492):313–314.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li LY, Luo X, Wang X. Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature. 2001 Jul 5;412(6842):95–99.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Yang B, Guo Q, Tremain B, et al. Ideal Weyl points and helicoid surface states in artificial photonic crystal structures. Science. 2018 Mar 2;359(6379):1013–1016.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tadros TF. Colloids in Agrochemicals. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2009.

An edited book

Bajd T. Introduction to Robotics. Mihelj M, Munih M, editors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Wood RT. U.S. Department of Energy Instrumentation and Controls Technology Research for Advanced Small Modular Reactors. In: Yoshikawa H, Zhang Z, editors. Progress of Nuclear Safety for Symbiosis and Sustainability: Advanced Digital Instrumentation, Control and Information Systems for Nuclear Power Plants. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2014. p. 33–39.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Epidemiology.

Blog post

Hale T. The Coolest New Animal Species Discovered In 2016 [Internet]. IFLScience IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/the-coolest-new-animal-species-discovered-in-2016/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Infrastructure: FHWA’s Model for Estimating Highway Needs Is Generally Reasonable, Despite Limitations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Jun. Report No.: RCED-00-133.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Maldonado JA. Searching for Confirmation [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B. An Indomitable Woman Goes West. New York Times. 2017 Jun 13;C5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
Scope	General Medicine Epidemiology