How to format your references using the International Journal of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kazilek C. SPORE series winner. Got a question? ‘Ask A Biologist’. Science. 2010 Nov 26;330(6008):1192–1193.

A journal article with 2 authors

Salazar-Ciudad I, Marín-Riera M. Adaptive dynamics under development-based genotype-phenotype maps. Nature. 2013 May 16;497(7449):361–364.

A journal article with 3 authors

Turney CSM, Roberts RG, Jacobs Z. Archaeology: progress and pitfalls in radiocarbon dating. Nature. 2006 Sep 14;443(7108):E3; discussion E4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1065–1070.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sharpe NF, Carter RF. Genetic Testing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Rossi F, Mavelli F, Stano P, Caivano D, editors. Advances in Artificial Life, Evolutionary Computation and Systems Chemistry: 10th Italian Workshop, WIVACE 2015, Bari, Italy, September 22-25, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Yang C, Ma H, Fu M. Object Detection and Tracking. In: Ma H, Fu M, editors. Advanced Technologies in Modern Robotic Applications. Singapore: Springer; 2016. p. 97–156.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Epidemiology.

Blog post

Andrew E. Scientist Proposes That Black Holes are Harmless Holograms. IFLScience IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Enterprise Architecture: Leadership Remains Key to Establishing and Leveraging Architectures for Organizational Transformation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006 Aug. Report No.: GAO-06-831.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ledgister NL. A study of transformational leadership and job satisfaction among leaders in Jamaica Baptist Union churches [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

DE WITT with MICHAEL KELLY K. THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Candidate’s Record; Perot Pursued Charges Against Official for Years. New York Times. 1992 Jun 28;118.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
Scope	General Medicine Epidemiology