How to format your references using the International Journal of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Charlesworth B. Evolution. Variation catches a ride. Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):326–327.

A journal article with 2 authors

Doak DF, Morris WF. Demographic compensation and tipping points in climate-induced range shifts. Nature. 2010 Oct 21;467(7318):959–962.

A journal article with 3 authors

Worthylake DK, Rossman KL, Sondek J. Crystal structure of Rac1 in complex with the guanine nucleotide exchange region of Tiam1. Nature. 2000 Dec 7;408(6813):682–688.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zhou Z-H, Wild T, Xiong Y, et al. Polyreactive antibodies plus complement enhance the phagocytosis of cells made apoptotic by UV-light or HIV. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2271.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pandey JN. The Hilbert Transform of Schwartz Distributions and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1995.

An edited book

Vaezi MF, editor. Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Boukebbab S, Boulahlib MS. The Spatial Interactions Using the Gravity Model: Application at the Evaluation of Transport Efficiency at Constantine City, Algeria. In: Zamojski W, Mazurkiewicz J, Sugier J, Walkowiak T, Kacprzyk J, editors. Theory and Engineering of Complex Systems and Dependability: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Dependability and Complex Systems DepCoS-RELCOMEX, June 29 – July 3 2015, Brunów, Poland. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 35–44.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Epidemiology.

Blog post

Fang J. City Lizards Evolved Stickier Feet, Longer Legs [Internet]. IFLScience IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/city-lizards-evolved-stickier-feet-longer-legs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Proposed Procedure for Access by GAO to Records of Students in the Murphy School District. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978 Jul. Report No.: B-164031(1).174.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Joppy DA. Principal Socialization in One Virginia School District: A Phenomenological Investigation [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander S. Cold and Tired, Australian Swimmer Wins Marathon for His Father. New York Times. 2000 Jun 18;87.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
Scope	General Medicine Epidemiology