How to format your references using the Information Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Information Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. Buchanan, Physics in finance: Trading at the speed of light, Nature 518 (2015) 161–163.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

J.H. Schmitt, R. Wichmann, Ground-based observation of emission lines from the corona of a red-dwarf star, Nature 412 (2001) 508–510.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

J.R. Reinfelder, A.M. Kraepiel, F.M. Morel, Unicellular C4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom, Nature 407 (2000) 996–999.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

M.A. Canuto, F. Estrada-Belli, T.G. Garrison, S.D. Houston, M.J. Acuña, M. Kováč, D. Marken, P. Nondédéo, L. Auld-Thomas, C. Castanet, D. Chatelain, C.R. Chiriboga, T. Drápela, T. Lieskovský, A. Tokovinine, A. Velasquez, J.C. Fernández-Díaz, R. Shrestha, Ancient lowland Maya complexity as revealed by airborne laser scanning of northern Guatemala, Science 361 (2018).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

E.F.G. Dickson, Personal Protective Equipment for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Hazards, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2012.

An edited book

[1]

V. Esposito Vinzi, W.W. Chin, J. Henseler, H. Wang, eds., Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

C. Jiang, F. Coenen, Graph-based Image Classification by Weighting Scheme, in: T. Allen, R. Ellis, M. Petridis (Eds.), Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems XVI: Proceedings of AI-2008, the Twenty-Eighth SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Springer, London, 2009: pp. 63–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Information Sciences.

Blog post

[1]

S. Luntz, HIV Detected In “Cured” Mississippi Baby, IFLScience (2014). https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/hiv-detected-cured-mississippi-baby/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Business Systems Modernization: Internal Revenue Service’s Fiscal Year 2008 Expenditure Plan, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

C.S. Ward, Movin’ Around, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

K. Crow, Reminiscing About a Woman With Quirks as Well as Causes, New York Times (2002) 146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Information Sciences
Abbreviation	Inf. Sci. (Ny)
ISSN (print)	0020-0255
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Science Applications Software Information Systems and Management Control and Systems Engineering Theoretical Computer Science