How to format your references using the Information citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Information. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cammack, N. Microbiology. Exploiting Malaria Drug Resistance to Our Advantage. Science 2011, 333, 705–706.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rivkin, A.S.; Emery, J.P. Detection of Ice and Organics on an Asteroidal Surface. Nature 2010, 464, 1322–1323.

A journal article with 3 authors

Baldo, M.A.; Thompson, M.E.; Forrest, S.R. High-Efficiency Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using a Phosphorescent Sensitizer. Nature 2000, 403, 750–753.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Beja-Pereira, A.; England, P.R.; Ferrand, N.; Jordan, S.; Bakhiet, A.O.; Abdalla, M.A.; Mashkour, M.; Jordana, J.; Taberlet, P.; Luikart, G. African Origins of the Domestic Donkey. Science 2004, 304, 1781.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Huber, P.J. Data Analysis; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2011; ISBN 9781118018255.

An edited book

Web Engineering: 7th International Conference, ICWE 2007 Como, Italy, July 16-20, 2007 Proceedings; Baresi, L., Fraternali, P., Houben, G.-J., Eds.; Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007; Vol. 4607; ISBN 9783540735960.

A chapter in an edited book

Gedera, D.S.P. The Application of Activity Theory in Identifying Contradictions in a University Blended Learning Course. In Activity Theory in Education: Research and Practice; Gedera, D.S.P., Williams, P.J., Eds.; SensePublishers: Rotterdam, 2016; pp. 53–69 ISBN 9789463003872.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Information.

Blog post

Andrew, E. Study Confirms Earthquakes In Ohio Were Triggered By Fracking (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office College Savings Issues; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1994;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Pezzolesi, M.G. Novel Mechanisms of PTEN Dysfunction in PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndromes. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University: Columbus, OH, 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Markoff, J. Exploring the Sea, No Sailors Needed. New York Times 2016, B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Information
Abbreviation	Information (Basel)
ISSN (online)	2078-2489
Scope	Information Systems