How to format your references using the Infection and Immunity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Infection and Immunity (IAI). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Toggweiler JR. 2009. Climate change. Shifting westerlies. Science 323:1434–1435.

A journal article with 2 authors

DellaPenna D, Last RL. 2008. Genome-enabled approaches shed new light on plant metabolism. Science 320:479–481.

A journal article with 3 authors

Parker HJ, Bronner ME, Krumlauf R. 2014. A Hox regulatory network of hindbrain segmentation is conserved to the base of vertebrates. Nature 514:490–493.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Tarricone C, Xiao B, Justin N, Walker PA, Rittinger K, Gamblin SJ, Smerdon SJ. 2001. The structural basis of Arfaptin-mediated cross-talk between Rac and Arf signalling pathways. Nature 411:215–219.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kölle W. 2017. Wasseranalysen - richtig beurteilt. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Wang L. 2016. Device-to-Device Communications in Cellular Networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Sun F, Gobbel G, Li W, Chen J. 2007. Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair in Ischemic Neuronal Injury, p. 65–87. In Lajtha, A, Chan, PH (eds.), Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Acute Ischemic Injury and Repair in the Nervous System. Springer US, Boston, MA.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Infection and Immunity.

Blog post

Davis J. 2015. Voluntary Agreement From Cattle Industry Fights Deforestation. IFLScience. IFLScience. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2012. K-12 Education: School-Based Physical Education and Sports Programs. GAO-12-350. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vickovic SG. 2010. Medical marijuana and the media. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M. 2010. From India, Bridal Baubles. New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Infection and Immunity
Abbreviation	Infect. Immun.
ISSN (print)	0019-9567
ISSN (online)	1098-5522
Scope	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases