How to format your references using the Infection and Immunity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Infection and Immunity (IAI). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Vega-Villa K. 2014. Biodiversity: Ecuador deters protection efforts. Science 343:248.

A journal article with 2 authors

Stephens BB, Keeling RF. 2000. The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO2 variations. Nature 404:171–174.

A journal article with 3 authors

Krupic J, Burgess N, O’Keefe J. 2012. Neural representations of location composed of spatially periodic bands. Science 337:853–857.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Feng Y, Yang J, Liu H, Ye F, Yang J. 2014. Selective electrocatalysts toward a prototype of the membraneless direct methanol fuel cell. Sci Rep 4:3813.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Christophers B. 2013. Banking Across Boundaries. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Oxford.

An edited book

2014. Clusters in Nuclei, Volume 3. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Kuosmanen T, Keshvari A, Matin RK. 2015. Discrete and Integer Valued Inputs and Outputs in Data Envelopment Analysis, p. 67–103. In Zhu, J (ed.), Data Envelopment Analysis: A Handbook of Models and Methods. Springer US, Boston, MA.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Infection and Immunity.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2015. Monster Black Hole Awakens After 26 Years of Slumber. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/monster-black-hole-yawn/. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2015. Highlights of a Forum: 3D Printing: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications of Additive Manufacturing. GAO-15-505SP. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tripathi RB. 2008. Oligodendrogensis Following Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Doctoral dissertation. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwirtz M, Winerip M. 2015. In Beatings, Inmates Feared a ‘Captain America.’ New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Infection and Immunity
Abbreviation	Infect. Immun.
ISSN (print)	0019-9567
ISSN (online)	1098-5522
Scope	Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Infectious Diseases