How to format your references using the Indian Journal of Orthopaedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Indian Journal of Orthopaedics (IJO). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Pedrós-Alió C. (2007). Ecology. Dipping into the rare biosphere. Science (New York, N.Y.), 315(5809), 192-193.

A journal article with 2 authors

Robeva R., & Laubenbacher R. (2009). Mathematical biology education: beyond calculus. Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5940), 542-543.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gladyshev E. A., Meselson M., & Arkhipova I. R. (2008). Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers. Science (New York, N.Y.), 320(5880), 1210-1213.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hammond S. M., Bernstein E., Beach D., & Hannon G. J. (2000). An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells. Nature, 404(6775), 293-296.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

MacGowan C. (2011). The Twentieth-Century American Fiction Handbook. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell

An edited book

R. Berthold M., Glen R. C., Diederichs K., Kohlbacher O., & Fischer I., editors. (2005). Computational Life Sciences: First International Symposium, CompLife 2005, Konstanz, Germany, September 25-27, 2005. Proceedings. Vol 3695. . Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer

A chapter in an edited book

Almalfouh S. M., & Stüber G. L. (2009). Interference Aware Subcarrier and Power Allocation in OFDMA-Based Cognitive Radio Networks. In: Plass S., Dammann A., Kaiser S., Fazel K., editors. Multi-Carrier Systems & Solutions 2009 Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; . pp. 35-45.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Indian Journal of Orthopaedics.

Blog post

Andrew E. (2015). How Viruses Can Fool The Immune System. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-viruses-can-fool-immune-system/. Published August 3, 2015. Accessed 30.10.2018. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-viruses-can-fool-immune-system/. Accessed October 30, 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1996). CEC Sale of Federal Spectrum. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Flannery R. (2006). Clustering of Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Cilia

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. (2004). Moscow: Art For Sale. New York Times. June 2, 2004:E2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
ISSN (print)	0019-5413
ISSN (online)	1998-3727
Scope