How to format your references using the Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lupski JR. 2013. Genetics. Genome mosaicism--one human, multiple genomes. Science. 341(6144):358–359.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bellwood DR, Hughes TP. 2001. Regional-scale assembly rules and biodiversity of coral reefs. Science. 292(5521):1532–1535.

A journal article with 3 authors

Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR. 2001. Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems. Nature. 412(6842):66–69.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Crowhurst JC, Goncharov AF, Sadigh B, Evans CL, Morrall PG, Ferreira JL, Nelson AJ. 2006. Synthesis and characterization of the nitrides of platinum and iridium. Science. 311(5765):1275–1278.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Koch HJ. 2016. Practical Guide to International Standardization for Electrical Engineers. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Cartier P. 2016. Freedom in Mathematics. Dhombres J, Heinzmann G, Villani C, editors. New Delhi: Springer India.

A chapter in an edited book

Fernández de Cañete J, Galindo C, Moral IG. 2011. System Response Analysis. In: Galindo C, Moral IG, editors. System Engineering and Automation: An Interactive Educational Approach. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; p. 85–136.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.

Blog post

Carpineti A. 2017. Dimming Dwarf Binary Discovered By Astronomers. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/space/dimming-dwarf-binary-discovered-by-astronomers/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2007. Older Driver Safety: Knowledge Sharing Should Help States Prepare for Increase in Older Driver Population. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sutton SR. 2009. Freshman transition programs: Effect on ninth grade student preparedness [Doctoral dissertation]. St. Charles, MO: Lindenwood University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Chira S. 2017. Women Who Voted for Donald Trump, in Their Own Words. New York Times.:A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Lupski 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Bellwood and Hughes 2001; Lupski 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Bellwood and Hughes 2001)
Three or more authors: (Crowhurst et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal
Abbreviation	Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais.
ISSN (print)	1461-5517
ISSN (online)	1471-5465
Scope	Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Geography, Planning and Development

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