How to format your references using the Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Koroshetz WJ. 2014. Perspective: time to tackle blood pressure. Nature. 510(7506):S4.

A journal article with 2 authors

Larsen PL, Clarke CF. 2002. Extension of life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans by a diet lacking coenzyme Q. Science. 295(5552):120–123.

A journal article with 3 authors

Martinez F, Goodliffe AM, Taylor B. 2001. Metamorphic core complex formation by density inversion and lower-crust extrusion. Nature. 411(6840):930–934.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Impellizzeri CMV, McKean JP, Castangia P, Roy AL, Henkel C, Brunthaler A, Wucknitz O. 2008. A gravitationally lensed water maser in the early Universe. Nature. 456(7224):927–929.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ocic O. 2004. Oil Refineries in the 21st Century. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Cao M. 2013. Supply Chain Collaboration: Roles of Interorganizational Systems, Trust, and Collaborative Culture. Zhang Q, editor. London: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Chen WY, Jim CY. 2008. Assessment and Valuation of the Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Forests. In: Carreiro MM, Song Y-C, Wu J, editors. Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests: International Perspectives. New York, NY: Springer; p. 53–83.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2014. Commonly Used Pesticide Has Detrimental Consequences On Bumblebee Foraging. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1996. Domestic Aviation: Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety Since Airline Deregulation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Goldner VR. 2010. Arizona nurses’ attitudes toward legislated minimum staffing ratios: Impact on the workplace [Doctoral dissertation]. Phoenix, AZ: University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Branch J, Pilon M. 2012. A Careful Evangelical. New York Times.:B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Koroshetz 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Larsen and Clarke 2002; Koroshetz 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Larsen and Clarke 2002)
Three or more authors: (Impellizzeri et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal
Abbreviation	Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais.
ISSN (print)	1461-5517
ISSN (online)	1471-5465
Scope	Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Geography, Planning and Development