How to format your references using the Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Salamini F. 2003. Plant Biology. Hormones and the green revolution. Science. 302(5642):71–72.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pielke RA Sr, Chase TN. 2004. Comment on “Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes.” Science. 303(5665):1771; author reply 1771.

A journal article with 3 authors

Church GM, Gao Y, Kosuri S. 2012. Next-generation digital information storage in DNA. Science. 337(6102):1628.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Gao X, Zhang H, Zhuang W, Yuan G, Sun T, Jiang X, Zhou Z, Yuan H, Zhang Z, Dong H. 2014. PEDF and PEDF-derived peptide 44mer protect cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necroptosis via anti-oxidative effect. Sci Rep. 4:5637.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Panek W, Wentworth T. 2010. Mastering Microsoft® Windows® 7 Administration. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

An edited book

Sui Pheng L. 2016. Service Quality for Facilities Management in Hospitals. Rui Z, editor. Singapore: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Weisbrot D. 2006. The Imperative of the “New Genetics”: Challenges for Ethics, Law, and Social Policy. In: Betta M, editor. The Moral, Social, and Commercial Imperatives of Genetic Testing and Screening: The Australian Case. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 95–124.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.

Blog post

Hale T. 2017. Don’t Believe Your Eyes, These Strawberries Are Not Red. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/dont-beleive-your-eyes-these-strawberries-are-not-red/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2000. Pipeline Safety: The Office of Pipeline Safety Is Changing How It Oversees the Pipeline Industry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ghafoori E. 2014. Wavelet transform and neural network [Doctoral dissertation]. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M. 1993. Summit in Moscow: Comes the Next Generation; With Yeltsin Overture, Clinton Backs Early Meeting. New York Times.:A9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Salamini 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Salamini 2003; Pielke and Chase 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Pielke and Chase 2004)
Three or more authors: (Gao et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal
Abbreviation	Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais.
ISSN (print)	1461-5517
ISSN (online)	1471-5465
Scope	Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Geography, Planning and Development