How to format your references using the Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Konner M. 2002. Seeking universals. Nature. 415(6868):121.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gariano RF, Gardner TW. 2005. Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease. Nature. 438(7070):960–966.

A journal article with 3 authors

Flores I, Cayuela ML, Blasco MA. 2005. Effects of telomerase and telomere length on epidermal stem cell behavior. Science. 309(5738):1253–1256.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Edwards JK, Solsona B, N EN, Carley AF, Herzing AA, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ. 2009. Switching off hydrogen peroxide hydrogenation in the direct synthesis process. Science. 323(5917):1037–1041.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hornberger G, Wiberg P. 2005. Numerical Methods in the Hydrological Sciences. Washington D. C.: American Geophysical Union.

An edited book

Yao Y, Hu Q, Yu H, Grzymala-Busse JW, editors. 2015. Rough Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Data Mining, and Granular Computing: 15th International Conference, RSFDGrC 2015, Tianjin, China, November 20-23, 2015, Proceedings. 1st ed. 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG. 2010. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis in Cancer Research. In: Yegnasubramanian S, Isaacs WB, editors. Modern Molecular Biology: Approaches for Unbiased Discovery in Cancer Research. New York, NY: Springer; p. 47–66.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.

Blog post

Andrew E. 2015. Can Animals Ever Be Artists? IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/can-animals-ever-be-artists/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1988. Reports Issued in June 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nolan C. 2017. Safety Mindfulness: The Incorporation of Low-Dose Mindfulness as a Leading Edge Safety Intervention [Doctoral dissertation]. Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. 2000. You Can Take the A Train, but People Prefer to Wear the F. New York Times.:1410.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Konner 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Konner 2002; Gariano and Gardner 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gariano and Gardner 2005)
Three or more authors: (Edwards et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal
Abbreviation	Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais.
ISSN (print)	1461-5517
ISSN (online)	1471-5465
Scope	Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Geography, Planning and Development