How to format your references using the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

E. Check, “US debates future of Iraqi scientists,” Nature, vol. 422, no. 6934, p. 789, Apr. 2003.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

A. Clauset and D. H. Erwin, “The evolution and distribution of species body size,” Science, vol. 321, no. 5887, pp. 399–401, Jul. 2008.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

D. W. Pfennig, W. R. Harcombe, and K. S. Pfennig, “Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry,” Nature, vol. 410, no. 6826, p. 323, Mar. 2001.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

R. Fujiwara, S. Takenaka, M. Hashimoto, T. Narawa, and T. Itoh, “Expression of human solute carrier family transporters in skin: possible contributor to drug-induced skin disorders,” Sci. Rep., vol. 4, p. 5251, Jun. 2014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

G. Utas, Robust Communications Software. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006.

An edited book

[1]

Y. Pan, D. Chen, M. Guo, J. Cao, and J. Dongarra, Eds., Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications: Third International Symposium, ISPA 2005, Nanjing, China, November 2-5, 2005. Proceedings, vol. 3758. in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3758. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

G. Nicolosi and M. Korthals, “Narrative Strategies in Food Advertising,” in Ethical Traceability and Communicating Food, C. Coff, D. Barling, M. Korthals, and T. Nielsen, Eds., in The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics. , Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008, pp. 63–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

Blog post

[1]

S. Luntz, “Large Hadron Collider Could Detect Extra Dimensions,” IFLScience. Accessed: Oct. 30, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/physics/large-hadron-collider-might-reveal-extra-dimensions/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Air Force ADP: Logistics Systems Modernization Costs Continue to Increase,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, IMTEC-89-7FS, Dec. 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

A. Crivello, “DNA methylation of the interferon-gamma promoter in association with overexpression of the interferon-gamma gene in periodontal disease,” Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

L. Saslow, “13 Hospitals to Remove Trans Fats From Meals,” New York Times, p. LI2, Dec. 03, 2006.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Abbreviation	IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.
ISSN (print)	0162-8828
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computational Theory and Mathematics Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Software Applied Mathematics