How to format your references using the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. S. Turner, “The dark clouds over US astronomy,” Nature, vol. 476, no. 7359, p. 127, Aug. 2011.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

J. Byers and S. Dunn, “Bateman in nature: predation on offspring reduces the potential for sexual selection,” Science, vol. 338, no. 6108, pp. 802–804, Nov. 2012.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

P. Libby, P. M. Ridker, and G. K. Hansson, “Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis,” Nature, vol. 473, no. 7347, pp. 317–325, May 2011.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

S. Fagarasan, K. Kinoshita, M. Muramatsu, K. Ikuta, and T. Honjo, “In situ class switching and differentiation to IgA-producing cells in the gut lamina propria,” Nature, vol. 413, no. 6856, pp. 639–643, Oct. 2001.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

K. Ginena and A. Hamid, Foundations of Sharī‘ah Governance of Islamic Banks. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015.

An edited book

[1]

K. C. Budka, Communication Networks for Smart Grids: Making Smart Grid Real. in Computer Communications and Networks. London: Springer, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

S. T. Koeszegi, “Take the Risk and Trust? The Strategic Role of Trust in Negotiations,” in Negotiated Risks: International Talks on Hazardous Issues, G. Sjöstedt and R. Avenhaus, Eds., Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009, pp. 1–22.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

Blog post

[1]

J. Fang, “New Blood Test Forecasts Breast Cancer Risk,” IFLScience. Accessed: Oct. 30, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/blood-test-hopes-forecast-breast-cancer-risk/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Aviation Security: Progress Made to Set Up Program Using Private-Sector Airport Screeners, but More Work Remains,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, GAO-06-166, Mar. 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

A. R. Himschoot, “Student perception of relevance of biology content to everyday life: A study in higher education biology courses,” Doctoral dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

B. Shpigel, “Transfers to Gonzaga Help It Stay on Top,” New York Times, p. B13, Mar. 23, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Abbreviation	IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.
ISSN (print)	0162-8828
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computational Theory and Mathematics Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Software Applied Mathematics