How to format your references using the IEEE Photonics Technology Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

I. A. Chen, “GE Prize-winning essay. The emergence of cells during the origin of life,” Science, vol. 314, no. 5805, pp. 1558–1559, Dec. 2006.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

J. Folkman and R. Kalluri, “Cancer without disease,” Nature, vol. 427, no. 6977, p. 787, Feb. 2004.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

J. B. Pendry, Y. Luo, and R. Zhao, “Transforming the optical landscape,” Science, vol. 348, no. 6234, pp. 521–524, May 2015.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D. Q. McNerny et al., “Direct fabrication of graphene on SiO2 enabled by thin film stress engineering,” Sci. Rep., vol. 4, p. 5049, May 2014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

L. Reeder, Guide to Green Building Rating Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

An edited book

[1]

V. Roos, Ed., Understanding Relational and Group Experiences through the Mmogo-Method®. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

E. D. Mares, “Information, Negation, and Paraconsistency,” in Paraconsistency: Logic and Applications, K. Tanaka, F. Berto, E. Mares, and F. Paoli, Eds., Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013, pp. 43–55.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, “Marine Plankton Found On Surface Of International Space Station,” IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Surface Transportation: Moving into the 21st Century,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, RCED-99-176, May 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

S. Doddick, “Noncontact 2D Plethysmography: A non-invasive technique for monitoring dynamic trends in a respiratory system,” Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

S. Yaccino and M. Cooper, “Cries of Betrayal As Detroit Plans To Cut Pensions,” New York Times, p. A1, Jul. 22, 2013.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IEEE Photonics Technology Letters
Abbreviation	IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1041-1135
Scope	Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics