How to format your references using the IBM Journal of Research and Development citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IBM Journal of Research and Development. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. Grayson, “Psoriasis,” Nature, vol. 492, no. 7429, p. S49, Dec. 2012.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

K. S. Bostwick and R. O. Prum, “Courting bird sings with stridulating wing feathers,” Science, vol. 309, no. 5735, p. 736, Jul. 2005.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

M. Petrascheck, X. Ye, and L. B. Buck, “An antidepressant that extends lifespan in adult Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nature, vol. 450, no. 7169, pp. 553–556, Nov. 2007.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

M. S. Lee, Y. T. Kwon, M. Li, J. Peng, R. M. Friedlander, and L. H. Tsai, “Neurotoxicity induces cleavage of p35 to p25 by calpain,” Nature, vol. 405, no. 6784, pp. 360–364, May 2000.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

K. A. Fryirs and G. J. Brierley, Geomorphic Analysis of River Systems. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012.

An edited book

[1]

M. W. Berry et al., Eds., High-Performance Scientific Computing: Algorithms and Applications. London: Springer, 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

M. A. Chaâbane, E. Andonoff, L. Bouzgenda, and R. Bouaziz, “Towards a Version-Based Approach to Deal with Business Process Evolution,” in e-Business and Telecommunications: International Conference, ICETE 2008, Porto, Portugal, July 26-29, 2008, Revised Selected Papers, J. Filipe and M. S. Obaidat, Eds., in Communications in Computer and Information Science. , Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009, pp. 74–88.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IBM Journal of Research and Development.

Blog post

[1]

J. O`Callaghan, “NASA And Russia Might Send An Orbiter, Lander, And Airship To Venus In 2026,” IFLScience. Accessed: Oct. 30, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-and-russia-might-send-an-orbiter-lander-and-airship-to-venus-in-2026/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Information Technology: Continued Improvements in Investment Oversight and Management Can Yield Billions in Savings,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, GAO-11-511T, Apr. 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

H. J. Rice, “Before the Storm: Evacuation Intention and Audience Segmentation,” Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. Wagner, “First-Base Prospect Finally Lives the Dream During a Mets Victory,” New York Times, p. D2, Aug. 12, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IBM Journal of Research and Development
Abbreviation	IBM J. Res. Dev.
ISSN (print)	0018-8646
Scope	General Computer Science