How to format your references using the Health Information Science and Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Health Information Science and Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Carroll SM. Is our Universe natural? Nature. 2006;440:1132–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Nachev P, Husain M. Comment on “Detecting awareness in the vegetative state.” Science. 2007;315:1221; author reply 1221.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Baldini JUL, McDermott F, Fairchild IJ. Structure of the 8200-year cold event revealed by a speleothem trace element record. Science. 2002;296:2203–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Uchic MD, Dimiduk DM, Florando JN, Nix WD. Sample dimensions influence strength and crystal plasticity. Science. 2004;305:986–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Estampe D. Supply Chain Performance and Evaluation Models. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

1. Lang J, Lin F, Wang J, editors. Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management: First International Conference, KSEM 2006, Guilin, China, August 5-8, 2006. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Alotaibi KD, Schoenau JJ. Biofuel Production Byproducts as Soil Amendments. In: Lichtfouse E, editor. Organic Fertilisation, Soil Quality and Human Health. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012. p. 67–91.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Health Information Science and Systems.

Blog post

1. Davis J. Historic Paris Climate Agreement Set To Come Into Force After EU Ratification [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/historic-paris-climate-agreement-set-to-come-into-force-after-eu-ratification/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. College Tuition and Fees: Changes in the 1995-96 to 1999-2000 Period Compared With Median Household Income. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Sep. Report No.: HEHS-00-198R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Baumgarten DK. An Examination of the Relationship between Collegiate Student-Athlete’s Leadership Role in the Athletic Setting and Their Academic Success [Doctoral dissertation]. [Scottsdale, AZ]: Northcentral University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Billard M. Picture This Bathing Suit. New York Times. 2010 Jul 15;E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Health Information Science and Systems
Abbreviation	Health Inf. Sci. Syst.
ISSN (online)	2047-2501
Scope