How to format your references using the Health Information Science and Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Health Information Science and Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Szoka F. Molecular biology. The art of assembly. Science. 2008;319:578–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Knesel KM, Davidson JP. Insights into collisional magmatism from isotopic fingerprints of melting reactions. Science. 2002;296:2206–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Boguski MS, Mandl KD, Sukhatme VP. Drug discovery. Repurposing with a difference. Science. 2009;324:1394–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Merkel S, McNamara AK, Kubo A, Speziale S, Miyagi L, Meng Y, et al. Deformation of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 post-perovskite and D’’ anisotropy. Science. 2007;316:1729–32.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Pearce R, Barnes S. Raising Venture Capital. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

1. Hoffmann MHG, Lenhard J, Seeger F, editors. Activity and Sign: Grounding Mathematics Education. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Gaikovina Kula R, Fushida K, Kawaguchi S, Iida H. Analysis of Bug Fixing Processes Using Program Slicing Metrics. In: Ali Babar M, Vierimaa M, Oivo M, editors. Product-Focused Software Process Improvement: 11th International Conference, PROFES 2010, Limerick, Ireland, June 21-23, 2010 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 32–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Health Information Science and Systems.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Google’s AI Has Secretly Been Giving Online “Go” Players An Ass-Kicking [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/googles-ai-has-secretly-been-giving-online-go-players-an-asskicking/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Federal Research: Super Collider Is Over Budget and Behind Schedule. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993 Feb. Report No.: RCED-93-87.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Di Giacomo FA. Education amidst transition: The case of Romania [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hollander S. Golden Arms Tourney Continues a Quest. New York Times. 2002 Jun 30;86.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Health Information Science and Systems
Abbreviation	Health Inf. Sci. Syst.
ISSN (online)	2047-2501
Scope