How to format your references using the Health and Quality of Life Outcomes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Macilwain C. Science in a changed world. Nature. 2001;414:836–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Huber KE, Waldor MK. Filamentous phage integration requires the host recombinases XerC and XerD. Nature. 2002;417:656–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Fenton LK, Geissler PE, Haberle RM. Global warming and climate forcing by recent albedo changes on Mars. Nature. 2007;446:646–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Koebel CM, Vermi W, Swann JB, Zerafa N, Rodig SJ, Old LJ, et al. Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state. Nature. 2007;450:903–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Ghaye T. Building the Reflective Healthcare Organisation. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008.

An edited book

1. Feige J-J, Pagès G, Soncin F, editors. Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis: From Ontogenesis to Oncogenesis. Paris: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Chan C-S, Dang A, Tong Z. A 3D Model of the Inner City of Beijing. In: Martens B, Brown A, editors. Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005: Proceedings of the 11th International CAAD Futures Conference held at the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, on June 20–22, 2005. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2005. p. 63–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Graphene Defies Thermal Conductivity Law [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/graphene-defies-thermal-conductivity-law/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Electronic Government: Funding of the Office of Management and Budget’s Initiatives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Apr. Report No.: GAO-05-420.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Adams S. A study of childhood eating habits in the United States and their association with race and gender [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Vecsey G. When a Sport Draws People Together. New York Times. 2009 Dec 11;B16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Abbreviation	Health Qual. Life Outcomes
ISSN (online)	1477-7525
Scope	General Medicine Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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