How to format your references using the Information Processing and Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Information Processing and Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Anderson, E. (2004). Scientists and societies. An introduction to biotechnology. Nature, 428(6980), 350.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gollisch, T., & Meister, M. (2008). Rapid neural coding in the retina with relative spike latencies. Science (New York, N.Y.), 319(5866), 1108–1111.

A journal article with 3 authors

Mihalcescu, I., Hsing, W., & Leibler, S. (2004). Resilient circadian oscillator revealed in individual cyanobacteria. Nature, 430(6995), 81–85.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Moreno-Herrero, F., de Jager, M., Dekker, N. H., Kanaar, R., Wyman, C., & Dekker, C. (2005). Mesoscale conformational changes in the DNA-repair complex Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 upon binding DNA. Nature, 437(7057), 440–443.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kula, G., Raab, M., & Stahn, S. (2017). Beyond Smart Beta. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Khuri, S., Lhotská, L., & Pisanti, N. (Eds.). (2010). Information Technology in Bio- and Medical Informatics, ITBAM 2010: First International Conference, Bilbao, Spain, September 1-2, 2010. Proceedings (Vol. 6266). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Yamamoto, N., Takemoto, M., Hattori, Y., & Hanamura, K. (2006). Molecular Basis for the Formation of Lamina-Specific Thalamocortical Projection. In R. Erzurumlu, W. Guido, & Z. Molnár (Eds.), Development and Plasticity in Sensory Thalamus and Cortex (pp. 79–91). Springer US.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Information Processing and Management.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, August 28). What Human Emotions Do We Really Want Of Artificial Intelligence? IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/what-human-emotions-do-we-really-want-artificial-intelligence/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2009). Information Technology: Federal Agencies Need to Strengthen Investment Board Oversight of Poorly Planned and Performing Projects (GAO-09-566). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Coppock, J. E. (2017). Optical and Magnetic Measurements of a Levitated, Gyroscopically Stabilized Graphene Nanoplatelet [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J. (2016, September 8). Home Runs, Not Surprisingly, Lift the Mets. New York Times, B14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Anderson, 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Anderson, 2004; Gollisch & Meister, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gollisch & Meister, 2008)
Three or more authors: (Moreno-Herrero et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Information Processing and Management
Abbreviation	Inf. Process. Manag.
ISSN (print)	0306-4573
Scope	Computer Science Applications Information Systems Management Science and Operations Research Media Technology Library and Information Sciences