How to format your references using the Health and Quality of Life Outcomes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Butler D. Public library set to turn publisher as boycott looms. Nature. 2001;412:469.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Rohatgi R, Scott MP. Cell biology. Arrestin’ movement in cilia. Science. 2008;320:1726–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Sánchez-Villagra MR, Aguilera O, Horovitz I. The anatomy of the world’s largest extinct rodent. Science. 2003;301:1708–10.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Wu GA, Terol J, Ibanez V, López-García A, Pérez-Román E, Borredá C, et al. Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus. Nature. 2018;554:311–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Retherford RD, Choe MK. Statistical Models for Causal Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1993.

An edited book

1. Reiss R-D. Statistical Analysis of Extreme Values: with Applications to Insurance, Finance, Hydrology and Other Fields. Third Edition. Thomas M, editor. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Schönberger J, Kopfer H. Approaching the Application Borders of Network Capacity Control in Road Haulage. In: Hülsmann M, Scholz-Reiter B, Windt K, editors. Autonomous Cooperation and Control in Logistics: Contributions and Limitations - Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 45–59.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.

Blog post

1. Andrew D. Jungle Boogie: Five Dancing Animals Who Know How To Strut Their Stuff [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/jungle-boogie-five-dancing-animals-who-know-how-to-strut-their-stuff/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Examination of Disbursing Officer’s Account, U.S. Army Aviation Center and School, Ft. Rucker, Alabama. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977 Apr. Report No.: 102186.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Pena H. Long-Term Effects of Post-Fire Forest Structure on Understory Vegetation in Larch Forests of the Siberian Arctic [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Yablonsky L. Style Provocateurs. New York Times. 2012 Mar 4;ST3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Abbreviation	Health Qual. Life Outcomes
ISSN (online)	1477-7525
Scope	General Medicine Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health